On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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138 Chapter 5 Available nitrogen Soil properties (E/P/S) N & Litter Humus T (°C) P (mm/yr) Organic matter in litter Organic matter in humus T (°C) T (°C) P (mm/yr) P (mm/yr) Fig. 5.8: Contour plot of available nitrogen (kg/ha, top), organic matter in litter (t/ha, bottom left), and organic matter in humus (t/ha, bottom right) as simulated by FORCLIM- E/P/S. The belowground properties simulated by FORCLIM-E/P/S (Fig. 5.8) can not be compared to anything simulated by the other two models. The E/P/S model produces a gradient of nitrogen availability that ranges from 50 kg/ha close to the timberlines to around 140 kg/ha in warm and humid regions. The amount of “litter” simulated by the model reflects a gradient of net primary productivity, whereas the accumulation of “humus” is indicative of the nitrogen mineralization rates. All three gradients appear to be realistic. The total amount of soil organic matter (i.e. the sum of “litter” and “humus”) increases from 200 t/ha in warm climates to around 250 t/ha in the subalpine region. Also with this index, FORCLIM produces a plausible gradient, although one might expect it to be steeper (e.g. Richard et al. 1978).
Parameter sensitivity & model validation 139 Ellenberg (1986): FORECE: T 12 10 8 Ocar, Qpub, Csat Psil Qrob/pet, (Fsil) Qrob/pet, (Fsil) Fsil (Fsil), Qpub, Csat Fsil, (Qrob/pet) T 12 10 8 Qpub, Psil Qpet, Csat Apse Aalb, Fsil Fsil, Aalb 6 4 2 0 Pexc, Psil Pcem, Pexc Fsil, (Aalb), (Pexc) Pexc Pexc 6 4 2 0 Psil Pmon Fsil, Aalb, Pexc Pexc, Pcem Pcem -2 400 800 1200 1600 P 2000 -2 400 800 1200 1600 P 2000 FORC LIM-E/P: FORC LIM-E/P/S: T 12 10 8 6 4 2 Psil Pcem, Psil Qrob, Csat Qrob, Csat, Psil Qrob, Psil Aalb, Fsil Fsil, Aalb, (Qpet) Fsil, Aalb, Pexc Pexc, Aalb, Fsil Pexc, Aalb Pexc, Pcem T 12 10 8 6 4 2 Qrob, Csat, Psil Psil Qpet, Qrob, Csat Pcem, Psil Aalb, Fsil Fsil, Aalb, Qpet/rob Fsil, Aalb, Pexc Pexc, Aalb, Fsil Pexc, Aalb Pexc, (Pcem) 0 Pcem 0 Pcem -2 400 800 1200 1600 P 2000 -2 400 800 1200 1600 P 2000 Fig. 5.9: Dominating tree species according to Ellenberg (1986) and the three forest models. The key to species is the same as in Fig. 5.1; additional species are Apse – Acer pseudoplatanus; Pmon – Pinus montana. For the forest models, the timberline was assumed to occur when total aboveground biomass drops below 20 t/ha. Finally, the simulation results will be examined in a scheme similar to the one by Rehder (1965) and Ellenberg (1986). The regions were outlined according to the pattern of the three most important tree species (Fig. 5.9). The following points of interest will be discussed in turn: (1) the location of the timberlines; (2) the temperature gradient under moist conditions (P l > 1000 mm) from the alpine timberline to T l ≈ 10 °C; (3) the subalpine dry zone (T l < 4 °C, P l < 900 mm/year); (4) the warm, dry zone above 4 °C and
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
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The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
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The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
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The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
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The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
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The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
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The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
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The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
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The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
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The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
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The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
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The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
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The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
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The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
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The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85 and 86: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
Page 131: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
Page 147 and 148: 153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
Page 153 and 154: Model applications 159 simulation s
Page 155 and 156: Model applications 161 Simulation e
Page 157 and 158: Model applications 163 At the site
Page 159 and 160: Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
Page 161 and 162: Model applications 167 tainty inher
Page 163 and 164: Model applications 169 scenario cho
Page 165 and 166: Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
Page 167 and 168: Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
Page 169 and 170: Discussion 175 comparably small imp
Page 171 and 172: Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
Page 173 and 174: Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
Page 175 and 176: Conclusions 181 species composition
Page 177 and 178: References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
Page 179 and 180: References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
Page 181 and 182: References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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