On the Ecology of Mountainous Forests in a Changing Climate: A ...

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108 Chapter 4 At the site Bern (Fig. 4.11) oak becomes more important because it is tolerant of low nitrogen concentrations; on the other hand, the abundance of A. alba and P. excelsa decreases. The oak species (Q. robur, Q. petraea) may be too abundant in this model variant as compared to the descriptions by Ellenberg & Klötzli (1972) and Ellenberg (1986). Biomass (t/ha) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 Bern (E/P) 400 800 Year 1200 Ulmus scabra Quercus robur Quercus petraea Populus nigra Fraxinus excelsior Fagus silvatica Betula pendula Acer pseudoplatanus Acer platanoides Picea excelsa Larix decidua Abies alba 600 Sion (E/P) 500 Biomass (t/ha) 400 300 200 Quercus robur Castanea sativa Pinus silvestris 100 0 0 400 Year 800 1200 Fig. 4.9: Average species composition from 200 forest patches simulated by the combined FOR- CLIM-E/P model, assuming a nutrient-rich soil at the sites Bern (top) and Sion (bottom).
Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transect in the European Alps 109 At the site Sion (Fig. 4.11), no obvious changes are evident as compared to FORCLIM- E/P, although nitrogen availability is lower (Tab. 4.5). The reason for this is twofold: (1) all three species are tolerant of low nitrogen concentrations; thus none of them gets a competitive advantage over the others; (2) drought stress is of paramount importance at this site, and all the other environmental influences are marginal. 600 Bever (south, E/P/S) 500 Biomass (t/ha) 400 300 200 Pinus silvestris Larix decidua Pinus cembra Picea excelsa 100 0 0 400 Year 800 1200 600 Davos (E/P/S) 500 Biomass (t/ha) 400 300 200 Abies alba Populus nigra Pinus silvestris Larix decidua Pinus cembra Picea excelsa 100 0 0 400 Year 800 1200 Fig. 4.10: Average species composition from 200 forest patches simulated by the full FORCLIM- E/P/S model at the sites Bever (southern slope, top) and Davos (bottom).
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Diss. ETH No. 10638 On the Ecology
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ii Table of contents A BSTRACT.....
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iv APPENDIX .......................
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vi Harald BUGMANN, 1994: On the eco
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viii Harald BUGMANN, 1994: Aspekte
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1 1 . Introduction 1.1 Climatic cha
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Introduction 3 1.2 Methods for the
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Introduction 5 in a changing climat
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Introduction 7 Their integrative ca
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Introduction 9 (1984) provides a mo
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Introduction 11 The main advantage
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13 2 . Analysis of existing forest
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Analysis of existing forest gap mod
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The forest model FORCLIM 45 carbon
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The forest model FORCLIM 47 TREE GR
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The forest model FORCLIM 49 gBFlag
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The forest model FORCLIM 51 Disturb
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The forest model FORCLIM 53 decay o
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The forest model FORCLIM 55 the est
Page 51 and 52: The forest model FORCLIM 57 3.3 Mod
Page 53 and 54: The forest model FORCLIM 59 Light a
Page 55 and 56: The forest model FORCLIM 61 Overall
Page 57 and 58: The forest model FORCLIM 63 D (cm)
Page 59 and 60: The forest model FORCLIM 65 a) b) c
Page 61 and 62: The forest model FORCLIM 67 Growth
Page 63 and 64: The forest model FORCLIM 69 Stress-
Page 65 and 66: The forest model FORCLIM 71 Tab. 3.
Page 67 and 68: The forest model FORCLIM 73 3.3.2 F
Page 69 and 70: The forest model FORCLIM 75 where k
Page 71 and 72: The forest model FORCLIM 77 NITROGE
Page 73 and 74: The forest model FORCLIM 79 peratur
Page 75 and 76: The forest model FORCLIM 81 of degr
Page 77 and 78: The forest model FORCLIM 83 microcl
Page 79 and 80: The forest model FORCLIM 85 Tab. 3.
Page 81 and 82: The forest model FORCLIM 87 3.4.3 F
Page 83 and 84: The forest model FORCLIM 89 All the
Page 85 and 86: The forest model FORCLIM 91 The mas
Page 87 and 88: The forest model FORCLIM 93 FORCLIM
Page 89 and 90: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 101: Behaviour of FORCLIM along a transe
Page 115 and 116: Parameter sensitivity & model valid
Page 147 and 148: 153 6 . Model applications Climatic
Page 149 and 150: Model applications 155 The simulate
Page 151 and 152: Model applications 157 6.2 Possible
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Model applications 159 simulation s
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Model applications 161 Simulation e
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Model applications 163 At the site
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Model applications 165 Bever Biomas
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Model applications 167 tainty inher
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Model applications 169 scenario cho
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Discussion 171 Finally, the analysi
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Discussion 173 bitrarily chosen par
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Discussion 175 comparably small imp
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Discussion 177 end of the 21st cent
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Conclusions 179 Ecological factors
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Conclusions 181 species composition
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References 183 Begon, M., Harper, J
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References 185 Burger, H., 1951. Ho
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References 187 Faber, P.J., 1991. A
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References 189 Huntley, B. & Birks,
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References 191 Leemans, R. & Prenti
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References 193 Olson, J.S., 1963. E
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References 195 Rudloff, W., 1981. W
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References 197 Smith, T.M., Leemans
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References 199 Whittaker, R.H., 195
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Appendix 201 II. Derivation of para
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Appendix 203 Tab. A-4: Tree species
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Appendix 205 Tab. A-7: Values for m
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Appendix 207 The minimum winter tem
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Appendix 209 Tab. A-11: Shade toler
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Appendix 211 Tab. A-14: Climatic pa
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Appendix 213 IV. Source code of the
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Appendix 215 FROM SimBase IMPORT De
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Appendix 217 END; (* IF *) prevDay
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Appendix 219 PROCEDURE InitializeFW
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Appendix 221 InstallSeparator( fMen
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Appendix 223 FROM FCPFileIO IMPORT
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Appendix 225 modelSp^.p.kHm := sens
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Appendix 227 DeclMV( meanLitt[leafS
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Appendix 229 Swiss Federal Institut
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Appendix 231 (*********************
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Appendix 233 BEGIN WITH sp^ DO d :=
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Appendix 235 Definition module FCPB
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Appendix 237 Purpose Simulation mod
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Appendix 239 END Immobilization; PR
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Appendix 241 CONST lem = 3; VAR ef:
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Appendix 243 Purpose Provides the b
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Appendix 245 Example of a text file
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Appendix 247 Tab. A-15: Lower end o
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Appendix 249 Tab. A-17: Percentage
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Appendix 251 Tab. A-19: Significant
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Appendix 253 VI. Derivation of para
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Appendix 255 Tab. A-21: Species-spe
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Appendix 257 Tab. A-22 (continued)
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