Systems Analysis of Zaragoza Urban Water - SWITCH - Managing ...
Systems Analysis of Zaragoza Urban Water - SWITCH - Managing ...
Systems Analysis of Zaragoza Urban Water - SWITCH - Managing ...
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<strong>Systems</strong> <strong>Analysis</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Zaragoza</strong> UWS<br />
Guillermo Penagos<br />
Figure 9 shows the current composition <strong>of</strong> electric sources in the market stock for<br />
Spain. It can be seen that nearly half <strong>of</strong> electric production is using fossil fuels (coal<br />
and combined cycles). From these percentages CO2 emissions produced by electric<br />
energy consumption are 436 ton per Gwh.<br />
27%<br />
4%<br />
41%<br />
Coal<br />
Hydropower<br />
Combined cycles<br />
Eolic<br />
Nuclear<br />
9%<br />
19%<br />
Figure 9. Current Sources <strong>of</strong> Electric Energy in Spain.<br />
Figure 10 shows the main causes for atmospheric emissions derived from the<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Zaragoza</strong> UWS. It is important to point out that water supply does not<br />
directly produce atmospheric emissions, but only indirectly from transportation <strong>of</strong><br />
chemical products as well as from electricity use. Groundwater produces only indirect<br />
emissions from electricity use. All direct emissions from <strong>Zaragoza</strong> UWS are derived<br />
from WWT and correspond to: 1) sludge digestion; 2) further emissions from digested<br />
sludge degradation at landfill site (for paper mills); as well as 3) at agriculture fields<br />
(Almozara), and finally from sludge incineration (Cartuja). It is remarkable that only<br />
36% are direct emissions whereas 63% are indirect emissions derived from electricity<br />
use, which results from the market composition described in figure 9.<br />
36
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