Tel Aviv's Urban Water system - SWITCH - Managing Water for the ...
Tel Aviv's Urban Water system - SWITCH - Managing Water for the ...
Tel Aviv's Urban Water system - SWITCH - Managing Water for the ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Tel</strong> Aviv’s s <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>system</strong> ;<br />
from Source to Reuse<br />
Avi Aharoni<br />
<strong>SWITCH</strong> Project:<br />
Workshop on Learning<br />
Alliance<br />
December 10-11, 11, 2006<br />
<strong>Tel</strong> – Aviv, Israel
Annual Rainfall in Israel – Desert Border<br />
RAINFALL<br />
less than 100<br />
100 to 200<br />
200 to 400<br />
400 to 600<br />
600 to 1,000<br />
more than 1,000
<strong>Water</strong> Sources<br />
Surface <strong>Water</strong><br />
Ground <strong>Water</strong><br />
Rain Enhancement by Cloud Seeding<br />
Desalinated Sea and Brackish <strong>Water</strong><br />
Wastewater treatment and Effluent reuse
The National <strong>Water</strong> Supply<br />
Western Galilee Basins<br />
Carmel Basin<br />
Coastal Basin<br />
Kinneret and<br />
Golan Basins<br />
Eastern Basins<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
Annual <strong>Water</strong> Consumption<br />
in million m 3 (m.c.m.)<br />
148<br />
39 399<br />
586<br />
Mountain Basin<br />
(Yarkon-Taninim)<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
658<br />
80 673<br />
1401<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
Mekorot<br />
20%<br />
Negev Basins<br />
0%<br />
Residential Industry Agriculture Total<br />
<strong>Water</strong>shed<br />
Arava Basins<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs 148 39 399 586<br />
Mekorot 658 80 673 1401<br />
Total 806 119 1072 1987<br />
Based on 2004 figures
<strong>Water</strong> Sources in 2005 and 2020<br />
2005<br />
5%<br />
20%<br />
2020<br />
8%<br />
15%<br />
71%<br />
5%<br />
22%<br />
50%<br />
1%<br />
Natural <strong>Water</strong><br />
Brackish <strong>Water</strong> Desalination<br />
3%<br />
Sea <strong>Water</strong> Desalination<br />
Brackish <strong>Water</strong><br />
Treated Waste <strong>Water</strong>
<strong>Water</strong> Challenges<br />
Supply water to <strong>the</strong> growing demand in<br />
an arid region.<br />
Dealing with a vast array of water<br />
quality and security issues<br />
Copping with security issues
<strong>Water</strong> Supply – Main Goals<br />
Maintaining and improving water supply<br />
reliability, efficiency and quality.<br />
Developing <strong>the</strong> water <strong>system</strong> <strong>for</strong> sustainability<br />
and<br />
future needs.<br />
Maintaining water sources and developing<br />
additional water sources.<br />
Decreasing water loss.<br />
Decreasing operational costs.
Decision support <strong>system</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong> Integrated water <strong>system</strong>s<br />
Mekorot developed computerized Decision support <strong>system</strong>s such as:<br />
- Operation of Lake Kinneret under conditions of uncertainty (on daily and<br />
monthly basis)<br />
- Operation of <strong>the</strong> Mountain Aquifer<br />
- <strong>Water</strong> Quality modeling <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Water</strong> System<br />
- Desalinated <strong>Water</strong> Integration Simulator<br />
- Hydrological models of <strong>the</strong> Lake Kinneret <strong>Water</strong>shed<br />
- Design of <strong>the</strong> seasonal operation of <strong>the</strong> Dan Region Reuse Project<br />
- A model <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> operation of <strong>the</strong> Coastal Aquifer<br />
- A model <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> integration of desalinated seawater into <strong>the</strong> National<br />
<strong>Water</strong> Supply System<br />
- Statistical models <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> analysis of changes and trends in water supply<br />
<strong>system</strong>s
Haifa<br />
Israel’s National <strong>Water</strong><br />
Supply System<br />
<strong>Tel</strong> Aviv<br />
Sea of Galilee<br />
Jerusalem<br />
Eilat<br />
8
Control System<br />
Control rooms<br />
8
Optimization Models <strong>for</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Management<br />
• Optimization of water<br />
resources exploitation<br />
and raising <strong>the</strong> level of<br />
reliability of supplies<br />
through conjunctive<br />
use of surface, ground<br />
water, reused effluent<br />
and desalinated water<br />
• Flood control<br />
• Drought management<br />
מפת אגן ההיקוות<br />
על פי ברמן ודובינסקי 1983
THE WATER TREATMENT<br />
PROCESS<br />
FLOCCULATION and SEDIMENTATION<br />
COMP.<br />
DISINFECTION<br />
PRE-CHLORINATION Cl 2<br />
ESHKOL<br />
TTA<br />
DISINFECTION<br />
ClO 2 + NH 2 Cl<br />
BIOLOGICAL<br />
TREATMENT<br />
TZALMON<br />
SAPIR
The Jordan Canal<br />
Amud Siphon
ESHKOL MAIN TREATMENT FACILITY<br />
OPERATIONAL<br />
RESERVOIR<br />
SEDIMENTATION<br />
BASIN<br />
1.5 Million m 3<br />
4.5 Million m 3<br />
FUTURE<br />
FILTRATION<br />
PLANT
Filtration Project of Surface <strong>Water</strong>
DISINFECTION IN THE INWSS<br />
THE ESHKOL RESERVOIR<br />
CHLORINE DIOXIDE<br />
SOLUTION<br />
ט יפול ביו לו ג י<br />
CHLORINE<br />
SOLUTION<br />
+<br />
AQUA AMMONIA<br />
108” PIPE
108” PIPE LINE<br />
85 Km LONG<br />
1.7 Mm3/day<br />
108” valve
<strong>Water</strong> Resource Management<br />
The national network combines four<br />
main water sources that provide<br />
unique operational flexibility.<br />
Supplying water reliably <strong>for</strong> various uses.<br />
Operational planning with unique<br />
and advanced models.
Rain Enhancement
Online Monitoring
Rain Enhancement<br />
- Using rain enhancement under professional guidance of <strong>the</strong> rain<br />
committee.<br />
- Researches show an increase of 18% in precipitation in <strong>the</strong> Sea of Galilee<br />
Drainage Basin<br />
- 3 seeding aircrafts and 35 ground generators.
Rain Enhancement (continued)<br />
Meteorological Radar
Wells<br />
1,150 wells nation wide.<br />
Drilling to depths of up to 1,500 meters –<br />
to different aquifers.<br />
Producing water from depths of up to 450<br />
meters –different water qualities.<br />
Advanced drilling technologies and<br />
equipment installation .<br />
Advanced rehabilitation techniques –<br />
overcome of clogging of wells .
<strong>Water</strong> Quality<br />
In <strong>the</strong> last 10 years, Mekorot has constructed:<br />
1,000 chlorination plants<br />
100 fluoridation plants<br />
16 filtration plants (including <strong>the</strong> Central<br />
Filtration Plant at a cost of 100 million US$)
water Security<br />
Policy<br />
Intelligence<br />
Threat<br />
Evaluation<br />
Procedures and organizational<br />
preparedness<br />
Prevention<br />
Detection<br />
Identification<br />
Mitigation and<br />
rehabilitation<br />
Treatment<br />
Back to routine
The Threats<br />
Intentional contamination of water<br />
<strong>system</strong>s with <strong>the</strong> following:<br />
Chemical agents<br />
Biological agents<br />
Radiological agents<br />
Disruption of water supply<br />
Employees security<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation security
Desalination<br />
29 Desalination plants<br />
Over 30 years of experience.<br />
Continuing implemental of new<br />
technologies <strong>for</strong>:<br />
reducing energy and chemical<br />
Consumption boron removal
PILOT PLANTS<br />
RO DESALINATION<br />
PLANTS<br />
FOR WATER QUALITY<br />
IMPROVEMENT<br />
Desalination Sites<br />
NAHAL TANINIM ( 1997 )<br />
BRACKISH (SURFACE) WATER<br />
ASHDOD ( 1988 )<br />
MEDITERRANEAN SEA<br />
Haifa<br />
MIZPE SHALEM ( 1983 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
EIN BOKEK ( 1988 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
EILAT ( 1994 )<br />
RED SEA<br />
NEVE ZOHAR ( 1986 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
Large plants:<br />
Shomrat<br />
Hadera<br />
Palmachim<br />
Ashdod<br />
Ashkelon<br />
Lahat-Granot<br />
RO DESALINATION<br />
PLANTS FOR WATER<br />
QUALITY<br />
IMPROVEMENT<br />
KFAR DAROM ( 1989 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
NAHAL MORAG ( 1991 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
BEER ORA ( 1983 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
EILOT ( 1986 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
RO DESALINATION<br />
PLANTS FOR WATER<br />
SUPPLY<br />
MAAGAN MICHAEL ( 1994 )<br />
1,200 m 3 /day<br />
BW - SABHA "A" ( 1978 )<br />
25,500 m 3 /day<br />
BW - SABHA "B" ( 1993 )<br />
10,000 m 3 /day<br />
SW - SABHA "C" ( 1997 )<br />
10,000 m 3 /day<br />
Ceasarea<br />
<strong>Tel</strong> Aviv<br />
Jerusalem<br />
Ashdod<br />
BeerSheva<br />
Eilat<br />
NEOT HAKIKAR ( 1982 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
EIDAN ( 1983 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
EIN YAHAV ( 1992 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
LOTAN ( 1983 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
YAHEL ( 1979 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
KTURA ( 1983 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
GROFIT ( 1974 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
YOTVATA ( 1973 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
MAALE SHACHARUT<br />
(1985 ) 50 m 3 /day<br />
ELIPAZ ( 1983 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
SAMAR ( 1979 )<br />
50 m 3 /day<br />
SDE UVDA 1 (1979 )<br />
250 m 3 /day (RESERV.)<br />
SDE UVDA 2 (1980 )<br />
500 m 3 /day (RESERV.)
Brackish <strong>Water</strong><br />
NEVE ZOHAR<br />
13,000 m 3 /day<br />
GRANOT<br />
7,600 m 3 /day
Effluent Desalination<br />
The Goal:<br />
Reuse of <strong>the</strong> effluent that not be able to recharge<br />
( 16 Mm3 in 2020), and upgrade <strong>the</strong> effluent<br />
quality <strong>for</strong> unrestricted irrigation.<br />
Effluent not be able to rechrge(Mm3/Year)<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
2005 2008 2010 2013 2015 2017 2020<br />
Mekorot is operating in<br />
“Shafdan” a pilot plant <strong>for</strong><br />
effluent desalination to produce<br />
a capacity to desalinate effluent<br />
in such this amounts.
<strong>Water</strong> Supply to <strong>Tel</strong> Aviv
<strong>Water</strong> supply to <strong>Tel</strong> Aviv<br />
אספקת המי ם למרכז גוש ד ן תתבסס ע ל 4 צירים ראש יי ם:<br />
- קו פי גלילות בקוט ר<br />
- קו אם המו שבות בקוטר<br />
- קו אלוף שדה בקוטר<br />
- קו לדרום תל אביב בקוטר<br />
.60"<br />
.42"<br />
.60"<br />
.40"
Dan Region WWTP and Reclamation<br />
2.0 million p.e.
SAT basins – Each are divided to sub-basins<br />
Soil Aquifer Treatment<br />
View from a sub-basin at <strong>the</strong> beginning of <strong>the</strong><br />
filling cycle and a soil treatment machine<br />
Cross Section of <strong>the</strong> Soil and<br />
Aquifer under <strong>the</strong> Recharge Area<br />
Detention time: 3-123<br />
months
The Third Line to <strong>the</strong> Negev<br />
Reclamation Aims<br />
• Supply of 160 MCM/Year <strong>for</strong> irrigation and<br />
replace of fresh water with reclaimed water <strong>for</strong><br />
agriculture<br />
Mekorot’s Activities<br />
• Operation of <strong>the</strong> “Shafdan” WWTP( treats 125<br />
MCM/Year and serves 15 cities with up to 2 million<br />
population equivalent )<br />
• Effluent recharge to <strong>the</strong> aquifer<br />
• Operation of <strong>the</strong> reuse project: Draw water from<br />
150 recovery wells, seasonal storage, supply to <strong>the</strong><br />
Negev <strong>for</strong> unrestricted irrigation<br />
• Vast water quality monitoring program , and<br />
strong connection with <strong>the</strong> farmers to solve<br />
operation and o<strong>the</strong>r problems
Agriculture with Reclamation<br />
Oranges<br />
Carrots<br />
Potatoes<br />
Lettuce<br />
Flowers<br />
Wheat
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed <strong>Water</strong>
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed <strong>Water</strong>
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed <strong>Water</strong>
Crops Irrigated by Reclaimed <strong>Water</strong>
Reused effluent in Israel in relation<br />
with ano<strong>the</strong>r countries<br />
80%<br />
70%<br />
60%<br />
72%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
12% 9% 8% 5%<br />
Effluent Reuse Projects in Mekorot<br />
צפת<br />
כפר התבור<br />
ואיכסאל<br />
ת. קישון<br />
פרדסי תענך<br />
ג לג ל<br />
כרמיאל<br />
ש לוחה מערבית<br />
אל רוחה<br />
פרדס חנה<br />
חדרה<br />
ע. חפר<br />
הרצליה<br />
גאולת הירקון<br />
ספרייה<br />
לטרון<br />
נשר<br />
נען-חולדה<br />
גזר<br />
גוש עציון עג'ור עדולם<br />
operation<br />
planning<br />
שוקת<br />
שפד"ן
<strong>Water</strong> Price (Mekorot)<br />
30<br />
cent/<br />
m3<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Fresh water - Agriculture<br />
use<br />
treated water -<br />
Agriculture use<br />
drinking water
0.64<br />
0.40<br />
0.31<br />
0.16<br />
0.22<br />
0.11<br />
0<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
0.3<br />
0.4<br />
0.5<br />
0.6<br />
0.7<br />
0.8<br />
Sea <strong>Water</strong><br />
Desalination<br />
Brackish<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Desalination<br />
Treated<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Desalination<br />
Treated<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Natural<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
US$/m3 29<br />
Rupee<br />
18<br />
Rupee<br />
14<br />
Rupee<br />
5<br />
Rupee<br />
Cost production<br />
0.64<br />
0.40<br />
0.31<br />
0.16<br />
0.22<br />
0.11<br />
0<br />
0.1<br />
0.2<br />
0.3<br />
0.4<br />
0.5<br />
0.6<br />
0.7<br />
0.8<br />
Sea <strong>Water</strong><br />
Desalination<br />
Brackish<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Desalination<br />
Treated<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Desalination<br />
Treated<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Natural<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
7<br />
Rupee
<strong>Water</strong> consumption by segments<br />
Mekorot<br />
2010<br />
-1989<br />
M m3/year<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
Agriculture use<br />
drinking water<br />
1989 1995 2000 2005 2010
Algae in effluent reservoirs
Zooplankton control by fish
Algal blooms control by ultrasound
Monitoring Clogging Irrigation Systems
Change language