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A. Introduction (J. Janzen and J. Hartwig) 1. Statement of Problem and Key-Questions to be answeredObjectives of the Study (J. Hartwig) Traditionally, the Buyant River Delta used to be the most important center of cultivation agriculture in western Mongolia. It is well known for its vegetables and melons, but due to difficulties caused by the transition to a market economy, crop farming declined significantly at the beginning of the 1990s. The mechanized state farms and collectives were dissolved, dams, channels and irrigation systems deceased and farmland became fallow land. Distribution and marketing channels broke down and many people lost their employment. Today almost half of the population of Khovd aimag lives in poverty. Aiming at improving their livelihoods, individual households have started crop farming in recent years. At present, cultivation agriculture sustains the livelihoods of almost 1,000 households in the Buyant River Delta and several more would like to join them. But further extension of cultivation agriculture appears impossible at present. Although land resources are available, these can not be cultivated, mainly due to a lack of irrigation water. Water scarcity causes serious conflicts between different user groups and the local communities are searching for solutions. To improve the current irrigation, cultivation and crop processing and marketing situation, the following key questions have to be answered: • What is the present situation of cultivation agriculture in the Buyant River Delta? • What are the needs and visions of the local population concerning the future development of land and wateruse? • What are the ecological, technical and social causes of water scarcity? • Are sufficient land and water resources available for extension? • What are the ecological risks of extension of irrigated crop farming? • What is the present situation of crop marketing and processing, where are the future market potentials? 2. Objectives of the Study(J. Janzen) The first objective of this study is to provide detailed scientific information about the present structure and state as well as recent changes of irrigated cultivation agriculture (including demographical, economical, social, ethnical, marketing, institutional, legal, historical, as well 10
as physical and ecological information concerning climatic, hydrological, soil related, and biological conditions) in the lower reach /delta area of Buyant River (Buyant Gol) including the rural Sums of Khovd, Buyant, and Myangad as well as the urban Sum of Jargalant, mainly consisting of Khovd khot, the capital of Khovd Aimag with the aim to provide a sound knowledge of the existing situation, functioning institutions and networks, major problems as well as development potentials within the irrigated farming sector in the survey area for the planning and implementation of a future development project(see Map 1). The second objective is to find out if the reconstruction of Janjin Boolt headwork and the creation of a water storage basin near Khovd khot can help to solve the existing shortages in irrigation water in the delta area of Khovd and Buyant sums, and will allow to extend the irrigable farmland without influencing negatively the ecological balance in Buyant Gol-Delta area and in Khar-Us lake. The third objective is to evaluate the existing structure of marketing of the locally produced crop production, to identify existing crop processing facilities, internal and external marketing networks, and to look for potential possibilities, partners, and strategies of marketing an increased crop production which will occur in the future if a rehabilitation and spatial extension of irrigated agriculture will be implemented with the assistance of a development project. The fourth objective is to formulate on the basis of the scientific findings practice-oriented, politically feasible recommendations of model character for development measures in order to improve the living and production conditions of the rural and urban farming population thus contributing to reduce the high level of poverty in Khovd aimag. 3. Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations: The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (J. Hartwig) Aiming at analyzing the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable groups, the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) was developed, particularly by the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) in Brighton and the Department for International Development (DFID) of the UK Government. 1 Today, this approach is taken as basis for research, planning, and 1 For detailed Information see www.livelihoods.org 11
Page 1 and 2: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA CEN
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENT Summary Summary...
Page 5 and 6: 15.2.5 Important Issues for Improvi
Page 7 and 8: Summary A detailed study about the
Page 9: Western Region and to a certain ext
Page 13 and 14: of the SLA is the examination of th
Page 15 and 16: A separate questionnaire was used t
Page 17 and 18: Cereals Potatoes Vegetables Fodder
Page 19 and 20: years with a single extension of up
Page 21 and 22: Bayan-Ulgii Govi-Altai Zavkhan Uvs
Page 23 and 24: The aimag is divided into 17 sums a
Page 25 and 26: Herdsmen Households Total Household
Page 27 and 28: livestock fodder, and potato cultiv
Page 29 and 30: Since the mid 1990s, local resident
Page 31 and 32: In recent years, access to irrigati
Page 33 and 34: This part of the study aims to desc
Page 35 and 36: (Figure 15 and 16). The river run-o
Page 37 and 38: 0 C 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 -1,001
Page 39 and 40: Sampling direction Map7: Catchment
Page 41 and 42: groundwater, because of an open cha
Page 43 and 44: Sewage plant channel Sewage plant c
Page 45 and 46: Results of the analysis The positio
Page 47 and 48: Three samples show a high content o
Page 49 and 50: 83 482.162.349 919.666.361 1171 Iri
Page 51 and 52: Figure 25:Investigation Area 4:Davs
Page 53 and 54: 10 110 6.45 1.202 1.156 15.6 29.2 4
Page 55 and 56: 113 482.217.440 917.812.501 1224 S(
Page 57 and 58: For the evaluation of the chemical
Page 59 and 60: IDENT. LATITUDE LONGITUDE Remarks 2
Page 61 and 62:
10.3 Soil Conditions (M. Walther) M
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4. Determination of total content o
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2Ag + +CrO 2- 4 →Ag 2 CrO 4 (s) M
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Materials. 0.1M NaOH Eriochrome bla
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Cadmium Current ; 8mA/0mA Burner he
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Vegetation The areas with desert st
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No: Species of Plants (Gubanov, 199
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30 Iris lacteal Abundant Perennial
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M 64 Sonchus oleraceus Abundant Ann
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No: Life Ranges Plant Species (as E
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We compared the records on plants a
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43 Glaux maritime Sp 1 44 Heteropap
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35 Motacilla personata 36 Lanius cr
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‣ As shown by the hydrological an
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Single values of the heavy metal di
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ppm Figure 31: Total nitrogen 1055
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ppm Figure 37: Heavy metal - Zn 145
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12. Summary of Field Research and S
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6,000 5,000 Inhabitants 4,000 3,000
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Cultivation Agriculture In Khovd su
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members stay at the crop fields. Th
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Amount (t) 600 500 400 300 200 100
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Thus calculated, on average each ho
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13.2.3 Legal Situation in Land Righ
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Concerning the question “Are you
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• support in marketing • suppor
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Inhabitants 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000
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1995. There are cases of former neg
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products marketed in 2005/06. Farme
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Further sources of revenue were pen
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Constraints and Conflicts Concernin
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• limit import of cheap crops The
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Chantuu (Uzbek) Durvid 4% 7% Zakhch
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households and five cooperatives pl
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15.2.2 Economic Structure and Crop
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Crops Potatoes Carrots Tomatoes Cuc
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Cooperation among households Concer
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ecause their farmlands are located
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15. 3 Summary The main findings of
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In 2005, 3,800 households (57%) wer
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impoverished households have starte
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that they had official employment a
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In Jargalant, the number of househo
Page 147 and 148:
• high land fee • machinery and
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• support in resolving problems w
Page 151 and 152:
17.2 Crop farming for household and
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Photos 17-18:Crop Marketing at the
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Apart from vegetable and cereal cul
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That means that revenues from one h
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• raise import tax/bans forvegeta
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and marketing, organization of regu
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more nomadic livestock keepers depe
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unsocial way from sufficient water
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in cities of neighbouring Russian S
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MAS 1990: Information Mongolia: The
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gol Govi-Altai Janjin Boolt Khantun
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9. Budee-Land Officer of Khovd aima
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