Alafia River Minimum Flows and Levels - Southwest Florida Water ...

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activities. In the Polk County area of the Alafia River watershed, this disturbed soil type dominates the entire area except for small remnants of flatwoods (Myakka association) near the watershed divide with river systems to the north and east. 2.1.4 Hydrogeology In general, the geology of the Alafia River/Lithia Springs area consists of a thin layer of late Tertiary and Quaternary clastic sediments, overlying a thick sequence of Tertiary Period carbonate rocks. There are three recognized aquifer systems present in the area. In descending order (from youngest to oldest) they are the unconfined surficial aquifer system (SAS), the confined intermediate aquifer system (IAS) and the confined Floridan aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer is further subdivided into the Upper (UFA) and Lower (LFA) Floridan by a middle confining unit comprised of low-permeability evaporites. A conceptual hydrogeologic cross section through the major geologic features of the area is presented in Figure 2-3 (modified from SDI 2002) In areas south of the river, the potential for sinkhole development is diminished by the presence of thick clay layers of the intermediate aquifer system that impede surface water from moving downward into the limestone layers. In areas north of the river, these clay units become thinner and discontinuous, allowing surface water to move vertically. This in turn has resulted in large-scale dissolution of the underlying limestone. Potentiometric maps of the UFA and hydrochemical analyses indicate that groundwater recharge to the Alafia River and its springs are derived primarily from the local surficial aquifer and from nearby recharge in the Brandon Karst Terrain (BKT) located north of the river. Water from the southern portion of the BKT is the dominant source of water for both Lithia and Buckhorn Springs while the surficial aquifer is the main water source for Green and Boyette Springs (Jones & Upchurch 1993). Fracture trace analyses also indicate the potential presence of direct conduit pathways from the BKT to the springs (Doreen Chan, SWFWMD, personal communication). 2.1.4.1 Surficial Aquifer The surficial aquifer system (SAS), or water table, is the uppermost unconfined aquifer, composed primarily of unconsolidated sediments deposited during the Holocene and Pleistocene Epochs. Based on available geologic well log descriptions for the area, the surficial aquifer consists mainly of fine- to mediumgrained quartz sands grading to clayey sand with depth. The thickness of the aquifer varies from being absent in areas to approximately 50 feet. Aquifer thickness in the study area averages 20 to 25 feet. 2-5
Water in the surficial aquifer is recharged primarily by rainfall. Depth to water can range from zero to up to fifty feet below land surface. Fluctuations in water level occur seasonally with higher water levels occurring during the summer rainy months and lowered water levels during the late spring dry season. 2.1.4.2 Intermediate Aquifer System The intermediate aquifer system (IAS) is generally comprised of siliciclastic sediments, limestone and dolomite beds, collectively known as the Hawthorn Group, that were deposited during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. The Hawthorn Group is further subdivided into the Peace River (siliciclastic deposits) and Arcadia Formations (carbonate deposits). Within the District, the thickness of IAS sediments ranges from completely absent in the north to greater than 700 feet in the south. These stratigraphic units generally thicken and dip from north to south. The IAS consists of three principal components: the upper intermediate confining unit (ICU), an aquifer or water-bearing formation (IA), and the lower intermediate confining unit. In the southern portions of the District, all three units of the IAS are typically present, limiting flow between the overlying surficial aquifer and the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer. However, in areas north of the Alafia River, the IAS begins to thin out, and transitions from an aquifer system (with confining units) to simply a confining unit (the ICU). These areas become more susceptible to sinkhole development as the clay units thin and allow for organic-rich surface water to leak through and dissolve underlying carbonates. The approximate northern limit of the IAS extends in a line from southwest Hillsborough County to north central Polk County, although a thin discontinuous intermediate aquifer may exist locally north of this line (SWFWMD 1993). In areas north of the Alafia River and west of Lithia Springs, the thick confining units have also been compromised by intense karst activity. This area, known also as the Brandon Karst Terrain (BKT) (Upchurch & Littlefield 1988; Jones & Upchurch 1993), provides a direct connection for groundwater flow between the surficial aquifer and the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer (see Figure 2-3). 2-6
Page 1 and 2: Alafia River Minimum Flows and Leve
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: 4.3.1 HEC-RAS Modeling ............
Page 7 and 8: Table of Figures Figure 1-1. Buildi
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2-33. Phosphorus concentrati
Page 11 and 12: Figure 5-12. Habitat Gain/Loss for
Page 13 and 14: Table 5-2. Mean elevation, local (c
Page 15 and 16: flow, with the exception that withd
Page 17 and 18: Acknowledgement The authors would l
Page 19 and 20: 9) Water quality; and 10) Navigatio
Page 21 and 22: Water Management District typically
Page 23 and 24: Peace River at Zolfo Springs, FL. s
Page 25 and 26: Period of Record Median Daily Flows
Page 27 and 28: to enhance understanding of histori
Page 29 and 30: River watershed, to the east by the
Page 31: an adjacent area locally known as t
Page 35 and 36: The Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) sy
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2-4. May and September 2001
Page 39 and 40: head differences indicating breache
Page 41 and 42: data (multiple regression) analyses
Page 43 and 44: 2.2 Land Use Changes in the Alafia
Page 45 and 46: Before discussing individual sub-ba
Page 47 and 48: Table 2-2. Land use and land cover
Page 49 and 50: Table 2-3. Land use and land cover
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2-13. 1972 and 1999 Land use
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.4 Lithia Springs Sub-Basin The
Page 55 and 56: 2.3 Hydrology The assessment of min
Page 59 and 60: occurred during the spring were sim
Page 61 and 62: Conversely, since most of the Unite
Page 63 and 64: extending from 1940 to 1969 can be
Page 67 and 68: third highest flow occurred early i
Page 69 and 70: Flow (cfs) Alafia River at Lithia,
Page 71 and 72: 100 North Prong Alafia River at Key
Page 73 and 74: Flow (cfs) South Prong Alafia River
Page 75 and 76: Alafia River at Lithia - Water Qual
Page 77 and 78: South Prong Watershed Above USGS Ga
Page 79 and 80: Comparisons of land use changes and
Page 81 and 82: Comparison of Median Daily Flows fo
Page 83 and 84:
Comparisons of Annual 25% Exceedanc
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Figure 2-25. Lithia Springs Major b
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2.3.4.3.2 Discharge from Lithia Spr
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Relationship Between Lithia Springs
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Buckhorn Spring Main Discharge (Wit
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versus flow. The third plot typical
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Alafia River at Lithia, FL Phosphor
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While elevated phosphorus concentra
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Peace River at Arcadia, FL 20 Phosp
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Alafia River at Lithia, FL Nitrate/
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2.4.2 Potassium and Trend Analysis
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Alafia River at Lithia, FL 14 Potas
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Table 2-10. Results of Kendall's ta
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Chapter 3 Ecological Resources of C
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1) maintenance of minimum water dep
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flow regimes and these life history
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subsidy of water and nutrients that
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Chapter 4 Technical Approach for Es
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4.2.1 HEC-RAS Cross-Sections Cross
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PHABSIM analysis required acquisiti
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Figure 4-5. Upstream vegetation cro
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level, whenever possible. Immature
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major parameter altered during the
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Alafia River - Cross Section 64 - W
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Delphi method lacks the rapid feedb
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TOTAL DAYS OF INUNDATION DURING THE
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Period of Record Median Daily Flows
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Wetted Perimeter - USGS 84.5 - SWFW
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Alafia River Station 91.5 Stage in
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section sites and corresponding flo
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4.9.1.2 Recreational Use Assessment
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Chapter 5 Results and Recommended M
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greater than 25 cfs would inundate
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For the USGS Lithia gage site, the
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40 35 30 25 20 15 10 T20 T21 T27 T3
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Wetted Perimeter (linear feet) 2000
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dominant vegetation zones, mucky so
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5.5.1 Application of PHABSIM for Bl
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5.5.3 Flow Relationships with Woody
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River begins on October 28 and ends
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Table 5-4. Maximum monthly percent-
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5.6.3 Short-Term Compliance Standar
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Table 5-5. Maximum monthly percent-
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5.8 Short-Term Compliance Standard
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Table 5-7. Proposed Minimum Flows f
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Biological Services Program Report
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Jones, G.W., and Upchurch, S.B., 19
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SDI Environmental Services, Inc. 20
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Upchurch, S.B. and J.R. Littlefield
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A Review of “Alafia River Minimum
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The draft report for setting MFLs f
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methodologies, analyses, and conclu
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The SWFWMD has employed a building
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MFLs for the Alafia and Myakka rive
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RALPH PLOTS AND ANALYSES Recent and
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then used to estimate percent of fl
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necessary. Such a framework should
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to use to meet the criteria of no s
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Shaw, D.T., C.N. Dahm, and S.W. Gol
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The District has added to Chapter 4
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Attachment A June 15 th , 2005 Mrs.
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The Kelly (2004) report includes a
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Figure 1. Box-and-whisker plots of
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As shown in Table 1, a nonparametri
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“augmentation” - be performed a
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Estuary Program 'Restoring the Bala
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APPENDIX D - District's response to
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educed by no more than 8 percent on
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sites with comparable temporal reco
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gradually removed (this appears as
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1) The DISTRICT acknowledges the ma
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Mark Hammond, Director, Resource Ma
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Table 1. Mann-Whitney Statistical A
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Comparison of July Rainfall Totals
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