The Determination of Minimum Flows for Sulphur Springs, Tampa

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DRAFT In general, these studies demonstrate strong relationships between salinity gradients in the lower river and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates. As discussed in Section 3.9, flows from Sulphur Springs provide a majority of the inflow of low salinity water to the river for much of the year and exert a strong influence on salinity gradients in the lower river during dry periods. Hypoxia that is related in part to density stratification in the river also exerts a strong influence on benthic populations, particularly downstream of Sulphur Springs. The potential effects of removing or diverting waters from Sulphur Springs on salinity distributions and dissolved oxygen concentrations are discussed further in Chapters 4 and 5 of this report. 3.10.3 Fishes A range of life stages of fishes in the Lower Hillsborough River has been sampled as part of the WAR/SDI and HBMP studies using plankton nets, seines, and trawls (trawls in HBMP only). Thorough discussions of those results are presented in those reports. Some basic findings are presented below as they pertain to the management of flows from Sulphur Springs. The fish fauna of the lower Hillsborough River contains both freshwater and estuarine/marine species. The WAR/SDI study found that true freshwater species were restricted to the most upstream stations (at kms 3 and 6). Native freshwater species that were collected included largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), the redear (Lepomis microlophus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and spotted (Lepomis punctatus) sunfishes; the bluefin (Lucania goodei), marsh (Fundulus confluentus) and least (Heterandria formosa) killifishes; the mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki), and the golden shiner (Notmemgonus crysoleucas). Three species of the family Cichladae, which are non-native species that have been introduced to the lower river, were also collected in the upriver areas. The HBMP study also recorded freshwater species, but generally in low abundance. It is likely that the very high salinities values that occurred in the river during the 2000 –2002 drought reduced the abundance of freshwater fishes in the lower river. By providing most of the inflow of low salinity water in the dry season, Sulphur Springs plays an important role in maintaining the viability of freshwater fish populations by acting to reduce salinity in the lower river. The fish fauna of the lower river is dominated by saltwater species that are either estuarine residents of transients. Estuarine residents are those species that spend most of all of their life cycle in the tidal river, and include numerically dominant species such as silversides (Mennidia spp), hogchoker (Trinectes macrulatus) and members of the killifish families Cypridontidae, Fundulidae and Poecillidae. Estuarine transients are those species which are dependent upon and use the estuary during some part(s) of their life cycle, which for some species may have a strong seasonal component. Common estuarine transient species in the lower Hillsborough River include the yellow menhaden (Brevortia smithii), black drum (Pogonias cromis), spot (Leiostomus 3 - 50
DRAFT xanthurus) red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius), snook (Centropomus undecimalis) and mullet (Mugil cephalus). The numerically dominant bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) can be considered a transient in the lower river as adults are more abundant in the bay, but all life stages are found within the lower river. Various resident and transient species show distributional patterns and areas of peak abundance in the tidal river. WAR/SDI reported that the numerically dominant Menidia berrylina and a number of other species were most abundant in mid-river areas. As previously described, freshwater species increased toward the dam, while a number of estuarine species (Funduluds similes, Pogonias cromis, Sciaenops ocellatus, Mugil cephalus and Cynoscion arenarius) increased toward the mouth of the river. PBSJ (2003) calculated center of abundance (COA) values to represent the kilometer location of peak density to describe distributional patterns for each species. Many species had COA values in the upper part of the river. For example, of the seven most abundant taxa collected, five had COA values above 9 kilometers. However, the COA for most abundant species in the river (Anchoa mitchilli) was further downstream at kilometer 5.4 Studies from other tributaries to Tampa Bay that are less altered than the Hillsborough River demonstrate that many estuarine transient fish species enter tidal rivers during larval and juvenile stages and concentrate in low and mid-salinity waters (Peebles and Flannery 1992, Peebles 2002). Freshwater inflows and the presence of low salinity waters influence the presence and distribution of fish species within the lower Hillsborough River. WAR/SDI pointed out that the Hillsborough River contained more freshwater and estuarine fish species compared to the Palm River, where salinity values were higher and the fauna was more marine. It is the conclusion of this report, that by exerting a pronounced effect on salinity distributions, flows from Sulphur Springs are likely a significant factor affecting fish distributions in the lower river, particularly in the dry season. During a study period that was unusually dry, PBSJ (2003, page 4-31) remarked that fish density was significantly greater in the upper river, specifically near kilometer 14, just upstream of Sulphur Springs. They suggested that the location of peak density might have been related to the flow of water from the spring, as well as the availability of habitat that is suitable for sampling. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations also affect fish distribution and abundance in the lower river. Based on an assessment of early life stages, WAR/SDI found that the Lower Hillsborough had poor recruitment into the larval and juvenile age classes compared to the Little Manatee River. These are stages during which many species become oriented to bottom substrates and benthic feeding. They suggested that hypoxia in bottom waters was a factor in this poor recruitment, either by its direct effects on the early life stages or by reducing the density of fish food organisms in bottom waters. By affecting density stratification in the river reaches near the spring, manipulation of flows from Sulphur Springs could have a localized effect on fish populations in the lower river through its interactions with dissolved oxygen. 3 - 51
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The Determination of Minimum Flows
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DRAFT TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tab
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4.5 Goal 1 - Minimize the incursion
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DRAFT LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 2 - P
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Fig. 3-13 Fig. 3-14 Fig. 3-15 Fig.
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Fig. 5-7 Fig. 5-8 Fig. 5-9 Fig. 5-1
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Acronyms and Definitions DRAFT AMO
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DRAFT Executive Summary The Southwe
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DRAFT below 19 feet NGVD of 1929. T
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CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND OF
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DRAFT water, or aquifer, provided t
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DRAFT one the indicators were the f
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DRAFT The spring and its run lie in
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DRAFT Figure 2-3. Recent photograph
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2 - 6 DRAFT
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DRAFT -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0.4 4
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DRAFT 10.0 Yrly_Pumpage.grf 15 Annu
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DRAFT 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 35 D
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DRAFT Figure 2-14. Return flow stru
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DRAFT 40 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Ju
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DRAFT due to withdrawals for public
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DRAFT Figure 2-19 . Temporal trend
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DRAFT Figure 2-20. Temporal trends
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DRAFT In comparison to specific con
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DRAFT average daily withdrawals for
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DRAFT Figure 2-25. Average specific
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DRAFT withdrawal rate of 31 cfs dur
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DRAFT Table 2-2. Sulphur Springs su
Page 65 and 66: DRAFT These plots indicate that his
Page 67 and 68: DRAFT CHAPTER 3 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE
Page 69 and 70: DRAFT 3 Run_Riv_Stg.grf Water Surfa
Page 71 and 72: DRAFT 3.4 Salinity in the spring ru
Page 73 and 74: DRAFT 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Page 75 and 76: DRAFT pumping events resulted in sa
Page 77 and 78: DRAFT As discussed in Section 2.5.3
Page 79 and 80: DRAFT tolerate and are frequently f
Page 81 and 82: DRAFT Appendix B are color coded to
Page 83 and 84: DRAFT habitat in the lower river pr
Page 85 and 86: DRAFT The FWC using a modified stra
Page 87 and 88: DRAFT increased with a return to no
Page 89 and 90: DRAFT 2000. The results from three
Page 91 and 92: DRAFT species (10 to 13) were colle
Page 93 and 94: DRAFT 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Page 95 and 96: DRAFT . 1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0
Page 97 and 98: DRAFT 3.9.2 The effects of flows fr
Page 99 and 100: DRAFT Data from the Tampa Bay Water
Page 101 and 102: DRAFT EPCHC Period of Record Data L
Page 103 and 104: DRAFT 35 30 1996 1997 1998 1999 200
Page 105 and 106: 7 DRAFT Elevation (m) 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Page 107 and 108: 8 24 25 29 DRAFT Figure 3-20, 3-21
Page 109 and 110: DRAFT Figure 3-22 HBMP & EPCHC 2000
Page 111 and 112: DRAFT of the river between the dam
Page 113 and 114: DRAFT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 11
Page 115: DRAFT The HBMP project (PBSJ 2003)
Page 119 and 120: DRAFT as manatees seek fresh water
Page 121 and 122: 1999 2000 2001 2002 DRAFT 35 TmpSS_
Page 123 and 124: DRAFT Platt Street 1974-2002 Columb
Page 125 and 126: DRAFT Median and minimum water temp
Page 127 and 128: DRAFT Figure 3-31 1999 2000 2001 20
Page 129 and 130: DRAFT Figure 3-33 2001 2002 2003 20
Page 131 and 132: DRAFT CHAPTER 4 TECHNICAL APPROACH
Page 133 and 134: DRAFT The sum of these consideratio
Page 135 and 136: DRAFT It is the conclusion of this
Page 137 and 138: DRAFT criteria. The
Page 139: DRAFT reach of the river 50 meters
Page 142 and 143: DRAFT of the dam. The experiments w
Page 144 and 145: DRAFT Salinity incursions above the
Page 146 and 147: DRAFT Figure 5-3. A - D. Box and wh
Page 148 and 149: DRAFT The results of the vertical p
Page 150 and 151: DRAFT Sulphur Springs < 33 cfs, Hil
Page 152 and 153: DRAFT Other breakpoints in the data
Page 154 and 155: DRAFT 40 Percent of Observations -
Page 156 and 157: DRAFT It is possible that infrequen
Page 158 and 159: DRAFT The effects of tide stage on
Page 160 and 161: DRAFT medians rise to near -0.2 fee
Page 162 and 163: DRAFT Sulphur Springs < 33 cfs, Hil
Page 164 and 165: DRAFT Sulphur Springs on salinity d
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7 29 DRAFT Elevation (m) 0/0cfs 1 0
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23 24 24 25 25 29 DRAFT Figures 14,
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DRAFT Viewed strictly from the infl
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DRAFT water removed would fluctuate
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DRAFT euryhaline, there were also m
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DRAFT 01/90 01/93 01/96 01/99 01/02
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DRAFT the intent of that condition
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DRAFT included inflows to the model
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DRAFT Flows for Sulphur Springs wer
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DRAFT ∆T represents the differenc
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DRAFT Figure 25 Temp (C) 22 Histori
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DRAFT Figure 26 Temp (C) 24 22 Hist
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DRAFT Similar to the coldest period
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DRAFT 5.7. Consideration of future
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DRAFT Culter, J. 1986. Benthic Inve
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DRAFT Shafland, P. L. and K. J. Foo
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APPENDIX A (from Chapter 2) Time se
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Sulphur Springs Water Quality 1991-
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Appendix B. Presence of macroinvert
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Appendix C. Percent composition of
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Appendix C. Percent composition of
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APPENDIX D (from Chapter 3) Percent
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APPENDIX D. Percent composition of
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APPENDIX D. Percent composition of
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APPENDIX E (from Chapter 3) Abundan
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BARE SAND FILAMENTOUS ALGAE COMBINE
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APPENDIX F - HILLSBOROUGH RIVER TEM
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Appendix G Daily values for mean, m
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APPENDIX H (from Chapter 5) Time se
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Experiment Number 6
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Appendix I Daily values for minimum
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28FEB2000 9.8 0.0 1.9 9.7 7.8 . 18.
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12FEB2001 14.0 3.5 1.7 4.6 2.9 1.1
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The Determination of Minimum Flows for Sulphur Springs, Tampa

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