MASTER'S THESIS - SuSanA

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3 Background information Albania while direct cost for water sold is 42.9 ALL/m 3 . That makes a difference of 27 ALL/m 3 caused by the inefficient work of the utilities and high water losses that count around 63 % (Bibolli et al. 2011). The benchmarking report gives a brief overview over all the numbers concerning the technical, financial and service aspects. The following Table 3.2 shall present some of the financial performance results. Table 3.2: Financial performance results of the Albanian water sector (Bibolli et al. 2011) Direct operating cost of water supply 42 ALL/m 3 Total operating cost of water supply 59 ALL/m 3 Average price of water supply 38 ALL/m 3 Rate of collection 84 % Ratio of direct operating cost coverage with the revenues 93,00% Ratio of total direct operating cost coverage with revenues 66 % Ratio of total cost Water + Sewer (UK) coverage with receipts 56 % Ratio of total cost Water + Sewer (UK) coverage with subsidies 18 % In addition, the report points out the five companies with the best performance in 2010 in the following order 1. Korçë, 2. Librazhd, 3. Gramsh, 4. Pogradec and 5. Tirana. When visiting the UK in Pogradec in January 2012, the director of the utility, Ilirjan Mimini, explained the water tariffs for Pogradec. While families pay 55 ALL/m 3 drinking water and 18 ALL/m 3 wastewater, the business and institutions have to pay 110 ALL/m 3 drinking water and 25 ALL/m 3 wastewater. These numbers seem to be cost covering according to the numbers from the benchmarking report (presented in Table 3.2) and should be counted as a good example for whole Albania. Utilities should learn from the well working utilities and get in exchange with them in order to improve their own performance. 3.2.5 Relevant laws and conventions As Albania aims to move towards compliance of Albanian law to EU law, following EU Water Directives have to be considered (Blaschke et al. 2011) to be implemented in the Albanian law: • Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC), October, 23 rd 2000 • Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), November, 11 th 1998 • Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC), May, 5 th 1991 • Principles of Full Cost Recovery under COM(20000)477 The strategy paper of the Albanian water and sewerage sector (see chapter 7.1.1 National WSS Sector Strategy 2011-2017 and strategy for rural areas) declares the aim to meet EU standards as unrealistic for the 17
3 Background information Albania sector strategy planning period from 2011 until 2017, but it should be considered for a longer future planning. Most relevant for the wastewater sector is the mentioned EU Directive (91/271/EEC) that defines the requirements for wastewater treatment before its discharge. Areas with less than 2,000 PE are not considered explicitly in this directive. Threshold values for the discharge of treated wastewater into aquatic system are given. The directive distinguishes between concentration values [in mg/l] and the minimum percentage of reductions [in %] based on the influent load (see Table 3.3). Values are given for BSB, CSB and suspended solids (SS) reduction. For sensible areas with more than 10,000 PE the directive gives also values for the required reduction of Nitrate (N) and Phosphor (P) (EG 1991). Exceptions for discharge with lower treatment quality are defined in the directive as well. Table 3.3: Requirements for wastewater discharge from EU Directive 91/271/EEC (EG 1991) Parameter Concentration [mg/l] Minimum percentage of reduction [%] BOD 25 mg/l 70 – 90 % COD 125 mg/l 75 % SS P total N total 35 mg/l (for > 10,000 PE) 60 mg/l (for 2,000 - 10,000 PE) 2 mg/l (for 10,000 - 100,000 PE) 1 mg/l (for > 100,000 PE) 15 mg/l (for 10,000 - 100,000 PE) 10 mg/l (for > 100,000 PE) 90 % (for > 10,000 PE) 70 % (for 2,000 - 10,000 PE) 80 % 70 – 80 % The relevant national laws are listed below: • Decision of Council of Ministers (DCM) no 228, 27.05.1992 on the “Protection of Urban Environment from Pollution and Damage” (Blaschke et al. 2011) / Law no 8934, 05.09.2002 “On the Environmental Protection”, that will be replaced in the near future by Albanian Water Resource Law (Heeb and Wafler 2011,a) • Law no 8102, of 28.03.1996 “On the regulatory framework of the water supply and wastewater disposal and treatment sector“, amended 12.05.2008, defines functions and competences of the Water Regulatory Authority (WRA) (WRA 1996) • Law no 8093, 21.03.1996 “On Water Resources” updated by Law no 9837, 03.12.2007 and by Law no 10137, 11.05.2009, gives principles of water management and is a step towards the WFD 2000/60/EC (Blaschke et al. 2011) • Instruction no 3, 28.07.2004 of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) on drinking water; about the administration of drinking water (Blaschke et al. 2011) • Law no 9115, 24.07.2003 “On the Environmental Treatment of Wastewater” (application of EU Directive 91/271/EEC) (Heeb and Wafler 2011,a) • Decision of Council of Ministers (DCM) 177, 31.03.2005 “On the allowed norms of liquid discharges and the zoning criteria for the receiving water environments” contains effluent requirements for the discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater into receiving surface 18
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Selbständigkeitserklärung Hiermit
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4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 PE-pressure pipe
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MASTER'S THESIS - SuSanA

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