MASTER'S THESIS - SuSanA

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3 Background information Albania 3.2 Albanian water and wastewater sector The following subchapter will give an overview over the water supply and wastewater situation in Albania, including financial aspects, relevant laws and involved stakeholders of the Albanian water and wastewater sector. 3.2.1 Water supply and wastewater situation The Albanian water and wastewater sector experiences several problems. A policy framework is not completely adapted and the role of sector relevant institutions is often unclear or overlapping. The coordination of the sector is insufficient. Additionally, institutions often lack capacity concerning staff, knowledge and office infrastructure (GTZ 2010,a). Water utilities are small regional companies that do not cover whole Albania. According to (MPWT 2011), the population under jurisdiction of water supply and/or sewerage companies counts around 2.2 million people in urban areas and around 1 million people in rural areas. In total, they cover only 3.2 million people out of 3.6 million (Gjinali 2011,a). Several communes and village are not under the jurisdiction and have their own supply (MPWT 2011). These numbers do not correspond with actual numbers of inhabitants of Albania (around 2.8 million people), but are the only ones available for the utility coverage rates. The water consumption in Albania is most often not metered and a general lack of awareness is visible. Companies often work inefficient and fail to “bill and collect consumption-dependent charges” (GTZ 2010,a). Willingness of people to pay for service is very low. A more detailed background description with all the problems of the Albanian water and wastewater sector can be found in the appraisal report of GIZ consultant Jan Sass from 2010 (Sass 2010: Appraisal Report on the Technical Cooperation Module “Reform of the Water Sector, Albania”. GTZ document 2010). 3.2.2 Water sources and drinking water supply Albania is a water rich country, shortages occur only in some areas in the summer. Water availability is estimate to be 8,700 m³ per capita per year on average, what is one of the highest in Europe. Mostly, the drinking water is taken from natural springs and groundwater aquifers. Tirana metropolitan area uses also surface water sources (MPWT 2011). In general, the groundwater has “good physical and chemical properties” and is “meeting local standards” (EEA 2010). If surface water is used as drinking water source, the risk exists that the water is polluted. The average water demand is estimated to be 150 l/(p·d) plus additional 20 % through water losses (MPWT 2011). Only 74 % of the people living in Albania have access to clean drinking water (GTZ 2010,a), (80 % in total, rural population: 56 %, urban population: 88 % (Gjinali 2011,a)). Water supply works on average only 11.1 h/d due to too low pressure through “over-consumption from flat rate billing, illegal connections, and technical losses in the networks” (MPWT 2011). As a result, people install their own pumps and water storages at their houses. Most often, these tanks will not be cleaned (regularly) and can therefore cause health risks. Non-revenue water due to water losses and “illegal” or “unregistered” connections to supply pipes counted around 1.8 million cubic meters per year in 2010 what equals 63.2 % of the supplied water (water production of 301 l/(p·d) compared to water sales of 110 l/(p·d) (MPWT 2011)). 11
3 Background information Albania 3.2.3 Wastewater handling Only 43 % of the population (3 % of rural population and 68 % of urban population) have access to sewerage systems (GTZ 2010,a). Most of the collected water is discharged without any treatment into the next river or channel and ends up in lakes or coastal areas. Also the capital city of Albania, Tirana, has no wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at the moment and directs all the collected wastewater into the Lana River. In suburban and rural areas that lack a sewer system, the wastewater is collected in septic tanks (EEA 2010) or simple pit holes. Uncontrolled dumping of waste at the river banks (EEA 2010) and broken wastewater pipes leaking into the ground are a risk for pollution of drinking water sources. Until now, only a few WWTPs have been built and are in operation. The first WWTP in Albania was built in Kavajë in 2005 with the support of German Government via the German development Bank (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau - KfW), treating the wastewater of 25,000 inhabitants (Gjinali 2010). The second plant in operation was built in Pogradec in 2007, also with funding of KfW, serving around 60,000 inhabitants. These two plants are the only ones in operation in Albania by the end of 2011 (Gjinali 2011). The new build and already finished plant in Korҫë is expected to start successful operation in 2012 (Dollaku 2011). New plants are in planning or construction phase. Reforms are done to establish 14 WWTPs for the most urbanised areas, aiming to serve around 2.4 million people in the upcoming years. Smaller communities are not considered in that planning (Gjinali 2010). An overview over the WWTP situation is given in Table 3.1 (p. 13) ((Gjinali 2011,a); (Sass 2010)). When information differed in the two sources, the information from (Sass 2010) is given in braces. The specific costs in €/PE were calculated on the basis of the given numbers. If costs and/or PE in the sources differed, the specific costs are also different. Calculation done with the numbers of (Sass 2010) are given as well in braces. The technology is taken from the report of Heeb and Wafler 2011 (Heeb and Wafler 2011,a). The table includes also some actual information that were gained about some of these plants by interviews with Bledar Dollaku (KfW), Kurt Rippinger (CES) and Karlheinz Stransky (IGR). The abbreviation in braces indicates from which interview partner the given information were obtained (Bledar Dollaku (B.D.), Kurt Rippinger (K.R.), Karlheinz Stransky (K.S.)). The information compiled in the mentioned Table 3.1 is not always consistent. The reason could be that information is from different dates and planning and costs etc could have changed in the meantime. In general, it shows how difficult it is to get reliable and actual data in Albania. Even there are several wastewater treatment plants constructed in Albania, only two of them are in use. Reasons are different. Some plants do not have connections to the sewer system what is caused by incorrect planning and missing donor coordination. Sewer system have to be built at the same time to prevent the plant being unused. Donor coordination is necessary if one donor cannot fund both, the WWTP and the canalisation. An other reasons is the missing acceptance of the plants by the municipality or the utility. Both, municipalities/communes and utilities have to be involved in the conceptual and planning phase and in the investment to secure full commitment to them. Additionally, operators have to be involved in the planning phase and trained while operating the plant. Some plants that are constructed in Albania are using the same technology. Therefore, the exchange of experience between the operators would be possible to help improving the processes. Operators could learn from the success and mistakes of each other. 12
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Selbständigkeitserklärung Hiermit
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