MASTER'S THESIS - SuSanA

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3 Background information Albania interests of the villagers. According to Enkelejda Gjinali, the term “district” is still in use but the legal entity does not exist any longer due to new laws. The Figure 3.3 shall show the structure of Albania. Central government refers until the level of regions, local governmental units (LGU) are below that level. Figure 3.3: Governmental structure of Albania 3.1.3 Population and cultural specialities Influenced by hundreds of years of foreign occupation, Albania developed a quite unique culture and language. „The Albanian language is entirely distinct from the tongues spoken by the neighbouring nationalities. This language is particularly interesting as the only surviving representative of the so-called Thraco-Illyrian group of languages, which formed the primitive speech of the inhabitants of the Balkan Peninsula .“ (Albtourist 2012) The Government of Albania (GoA) states the ethnical groups in Albania as to 98.6 % Albanians, 1.17 % Greeks and 0.23 % others (Vlachs, Roma, Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Balkan Egyptians, and Bulgarians). Concerning the religious groups, 70 % Muslims (Sunni and Bektashi), 20 % Albanian Orthodox and 10 % Roman Catholics are estimated (USDS 2011). Tirana is the biggest city and the capital of Albania with around 420,000 inhabitants and 760,000 for the whole Tirana metro area, many universities and is the “center of the political, economical and cultural life of the country“ (Wikipedia 2012,b). According to (CIA 2012,a), urban population counted 52 % of total population in 2010 and the rate of urbanisation lies at 2.3 % annual rate of change (2010-15 est.). In 2008, around 1 million Albanian people were estimated to live abroad (about 25 % of Albania citizen or 35 % of Albanian workforce) (MPWT 2011). The net migration rate is - 3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.; country comparison to the world: place 178), what means that Albanians are still leaving the country to live somewhere else in the world. The economic situation is one big driver of this trend. Just as a comparison, the urban population in Germany counts 74 % of total population (2010), rate of urbanisation is 0 % (2010-15 est.) and net migration rate is around + 0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.; country comparison to the world: place 59) (CIA 2012,b). The national poverty line is set at 4,891 ALL per person and month, what equals about 48 S$. According to (MPWT 2011), around one quarter of the Albanian population lives below this national poverty line. In the mountainous area, the people are very poor, 45 % of the population in this area lived below poverty level in 2002 (MPWT 2011). 9
3 Background information Albania The Human Development Index of Albania is at 0.739, what brings Albania in the world ranking on place 70. Adult literacy counts 95.9 %, what is very close to the German literacy rate of 98.0 %. Average life expectation is 76.9 years, what is as well very close to German life expectancy with 80.4 years (HDI 2011). 3.1.4 Economy Nowadays, Albania is moving from the model of the closed and centrally planned market towards a modern market-open economy with macroeconomic growth and low and stable inflation. It has to be considered that the GDP, that counted $24.99 billion in 2011, increased also a lot due to the Albanian residents in Greece and Italy (as comparison GDP of Germany: 3.085 trillion US$ (CIA 2012,b)). At the country comparison of the GDP, Albania reaches only place 160 of the world. Considering the Albanian economy, the composition by sector is the following (CIA 2012,a): • Agriculture: 20.2 % • Industry: 19.5 % • Services: 60.3 % (2011 est.) The agricultural sector accounts for almost half of the employment but only one fifth of the GDP due to old and inappropriate or missing technical equipment and general inefficiency. Electricity shortages and the electricity cut-offs that come along as well as a bad infrastructure contribute to “Albania’s poor business environment”. Unemployment lies around 13.4 % (2011 est.), but can be estimated even to be more than 30 % due to „preponderance of near-subsistence farming“ (CIA 2012,a). Albania is trying to catch up with the Western standards very fast, the country changed a lot in the past few years. But still, the country is the poorest one in Europe. (BMZ 2011) states that the “economic development is still being constrained by a lack of legal certainty, poor infrastructure, unresolved ownership issues and organised crime“. The volume of German development cooperation for Albania counted 108.2 million €/year in 2011 (BMZ 2011). “German development cooperation activities in Albania are particularly concerned with drinking water supply, sanitation and waste management, energy and sustainable economic development. These activities are designed to contribute towards poverty reduction as defined in Albania’s National Strategy for Development and Integration 2007-13 (NSDI) and help Albania towards its goal of rapprochement to the EU.“ (BMZ 2011) 3.1.5 Environment According to the United Nations (UN 2012), Albania “is rich in biological diversity and natural resources” but suffers problems due to “overexploitation and poor management”. Pressing issues are the rapid growth, poor solid waste management, the air quality, deforestation and land degradation. The area under protection is stated to be not sufficient (8.3 % in 2005) to protect the biological diversity (UN 2012). Efforts of international institutions have been done and still are going on in the field of use of renewable energy resources, drinking water supply, wastewater treatment, biodiversity, climate change, land degradation and sustainable tourism as well as to strengthen legal institutions and human capacity. 10
Page 1 and 2: MASTER'S THESIS UIM/2011/7
Page 3 and 4: 1 Problem Statement / Background At
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5 Learning from already implemented
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8 Development of a guideline for th
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List of sources (EG 1991): (Engelma
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List of sources (Nowak 2010,a): (No
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Selbständigkeitserklärung Hiermit
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3.1.4 Dam partly surrounding the fi
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4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 PE-pressure pipe
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