Trade Policy Note Final-rev08 - Development

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labour standards. For example, Cambodia’s efforts to respect labour standards seem to have been appreciated by buyers 132 . 132 Ibid. 66
Annex 3B: Fisheries, Putting the products of the poor on world markets The fisheries sector is a source of nutrition and employment to millions of poor people and has provided them with opportunities to access lucrative export markets. However, exports of fishery products give rise to a series of challenges relating to environmental protection and distribution of benefits. Developing countries are faced with the challenge of maximizing the contribution of this sector to the achievement of the MDGs. While the fisheries sector is unique in many aspects, other export industries in developing countries encounter similar challenges of distribution of benefits and environmental impact. Fisheries and MDGs Fishermen are among the poorest segments of the population, small scale fishing contributes to a more equitable distribution of resources while being a source of food and employment. 133 This is particularly true of those who have no access to agricultural land, credit and capital equipment. According to the FAO, 38 million people were directly involved in marine fisheries and aquaculture in the year 2002, of whom 20 per cent may be in the small-scale sub-sector earning less than US$1 a day. Another 17 million income-poor, including a high proportion of women, are employed in boatbuilding, net making, marketing and processing.. Fisher folk are often in the lowest segments of the population in terms of human development indicators such as literacy, and maternal mortality. The fisheries sector is vulnerable to weather conditions and natural disasters; the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami destroyed the livelihoods of millions of poor fish workers. Thus, development of the fisheries sector can play an important role in helping coastal communities reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially Goal 1, eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. Fisheries and aquaculture exports have been growing rapidly. Globally, fish has become a highly traded commodity, with about 37 per cent of total fisheries production (live weight equivalent) entering international trade in various forms. Net seafood export trade from developing countries has increased from US$10 billion in 1990 to US$18 billion in 2002 Total production (capture and aquaculture) rose from 118 million tons in 1997 to 132 million in 2003, although capture fish production remained stable at around 84 million tons... The small scale fisheries sub-sector accounts for nearly 50 percent of global capture fisheries. Wherever poor people have been been provided opportunities to participate in the higher value market of export species, they have increased their income substantially. However, in the absence of effective fisheries management measures, exports may have a tremendous adverse impact on fisheries resources in developing countries. High prices for fish exports has led to overcapacity - excessive fishing effort, investment in modern, destructive fishing gear, and over fishing in several commercially important fisheries. In many countries this has led to a rapid depletion in coastal fisheries with a serious adverse impact on small scale fisheries. Foreign 133 See publications and reports of International Collective in Support of Fishworkers at www.icsf.net and www.icsf.org. See also Deere, Carolyn, Net Gains: Linking Fisheries Management, International Trade and Sustainable Development (IUCN, The World Conservation Uni on, 2000). (www.users.ox.ac.uk). 67
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NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES POL
Page 3 and 4:
Preface The outcome document of the
Page 5 and 6:
A “New Generation” of Bilateral
Page 7 and 8:
TNCs TRIMs TRIPS TRQ UNCTAD UNESCO
Page 9 and 10:
The case and options for widening t
Page 11 and 12:
outcomes are less clear. Moreover,
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countries struggle to ensure that t
Page 15 and 16: Goal B : to empower people to becom
Page 17 and 18: Tigers), has not followed the Brett
Page 19 and 20: III. TARIFFS AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY
Page 21 and 22: across the board tariff bindings. F
Page 23 and 24: Such tariff policy should ensure th
Page 25 and 26: Export duties can also be an elemen
Page 27 and 28: IV. EXPORTS AND POVERTY Can develop
Page 29 and 30: Increase Productivity Exports shoul
Page 31 and 32: Box 14: Export Policies and WTO and
Page 33 and 34: percent of domestic consumption) wa
Page 35 and 36: developing countries with a few not
Page 37 and 38: Different products emerge at the to
Page 39 and 40: safeguard measures on agricultural
Page 41 and 42: suppliers in the domestic market fo
Page 43 and 44: Investment Policy is Central to Tra
Page 45 and 46: water and sanitation. Sustainabilit
Page 47 and 48: traditionally done in trade in good
Page 49 and 50: Mode 1 service exports, often terme
Page 51 and 52: It is now incumbent on developing c
Page 53 and 54: commercial value to their tradition
Page 55 and 56: The Proliferation of FTAs Over rece
Page 57 and 58: services liberalization in these ag
Page 59 and 60: copyright protection may be extende
Page 61 and 62: (q) SPS and TBT. Within the framewo
Page 63 and 64: Market Access Even after the abolit
Page 65: were established almost exclusively
Page 69 and 70: also enshrined in the Code of Condu
Page 71 and 72: poorest people. 140 Governments in
Page 73 and 74: Annex 5B: Energy services Attainmen
Page 75 and 76: Box 25: Strategies for Strengthenin
Page 77 and 78: On the contrary, a sharp decline ha
Page 79 and 80: small farmers find themselves left
Page 81 and 82: A number of developing countries ar
Page 83 and 84: Commission on Intellectual Property
Page 85 and 86: Mathew, Sebastian (2003). Trade in
Page 87 and 88: UNDP (2005). Human Development Repo
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