Trade Policy Note Final-rev08 - Development

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- bound, duty- and quota-free access to developed country markets for all (not just 97%) exports of LDCs, i.e. including textiles and clothing; and duty-free access to developed country markets in other sectors of key export interest to developing countries; - tighter multilateral rules on resort to contingency trade measures affecting exports (e.g. to introduce more stringent disciplines in resort to anti-dumping duties against developing country exports, and measures to reduce the impact of such duties when applied) ; - improved access under Mode 4 of GATS for movement of service suppliers in occupations of export interest to developing countries, and the protection of traditional knowledge and prevention of bio-piracy for exported products (e.g. GIs) Box 5: Trade Negotiations and Human Development The UNDP Asia Pacific Initiative on Trade, Human Development and Economic Governance took on the task, (in 2002), of assessing the impact of various potential outcomes of trade negotiations on human development. The conduct of such analysis required at least a working definition of human development as applied to trade. The Asia Trade Initiative examined the literature on human development and identified four central components against which trade outcomes could be assessed, focusing on selected areas of trade negotiations for which the outcome could be expected to impact on a large number of people, particularly poor people ( agriculture, fisheries, MNP, energy services, environmental services ,investment, TRIPs, and textiles and clothing as well as the WTO plus provisions of FTAs ). Each trade measure proposed in the negotiations was assessed against whether it (a) would enhance the empowerment of poor people, i.e. would they gain more ability to shape the processes and events that affect their lives, (b) would permit poorer people to increase their productivity so as to enable them to compete in a globalised world economy, including through open and secure access for their exports, (c) would contribute to equity through increasing opportunities for those disadvantaged segments of the population (e.g. isolated regions, women, minority en ethnic groups), including through their access to vital services and (d) would be sustainable, in the sense that the measures could be implemented without entailing welfare losses for poorer groups of the population or future generations. 18
III. TARIFFS AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY With the general elimination of quantitative restrictions, tariffs remain the main measure available for the protection of domestic industries. Tariffs are also a major source of revenue for the governments of many developing countries, particularly LDCs and small island developing states (SIDS). Tariffs are, therefore, an essential tool for industrial policy for both reasons. How can such policy be oriented to achieving the MDGs? What is the role of tariffs in industrial policy and how should governments react to requests for further tariff liberalization commitments? Industrial Policy and Trade Negotiations Industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to most of the spectrum of trade policies subject to international disciplines which are currently the subject of trade negotiations. These include tariff policy, subsidies, policies to develop an efficient services infrastructure and producer service sector, (e.g. telecommunications, financial services, transportation services, other producer services, policies with respect to movement of persons), investment policy, and intellectual property rights. The execution of a coherent industrial policy thus calls for a coordinated negotiating strategy covering all aspects of trade negotiations. The effectiveness of tariffs as a tool for industrialization is also linked to the monetary policy framework within which it operates. When the capital account is liberalized control over exchange rates may be lost and the appreciation of exchange rates can obviously undermine export competitiveness and the impact of tariff protection. Box 6: Components of Trade Related Industrial Policy In addition to formal trade measures, such as import and export tariffs and quantitative restrictions, other trade measures, which are currently the subject of trade agreements or negotiations , are also essential components of a coherent trade and industrial policy. These include: - Export promotion policies, which provide employment, higher incomes and foreign exchange to finance industrialization (Section 4); - Agricultural policies, which reduce dependence on imports of essential food products and provide support for agro-industrial export income where possible (Section 5); - Policies aimed at establishing an efficient services infrastructure, obtaining advanced producer services and associated technology, and access to distribution channels (Section 6), as well as access to low cost energy; - Investment policies that maximize the contribution of FDI to industrial development through access to capital and technology in key sectors. (Section 7); - Intellectual property policies aimed at facilitating access to technology and low cost generic drug production (Section 9); - Provisions to promote industrial cooperation in FTAs (Section 10); - MNP can also be an important component of industrial policy, providing export income and upgrading the skills of industrial workers (Sections 6 and 8). 13 13 See Vu Quoc Huy et al., “Trade in Services, Movement of N atural Persons and Human Development : Country Case Study - Vietnam ”, UNDP Asia Trade Initiative on Trade and Human Development, Phase 1, technical support document (Hanoi: 2003) (available at www.undprcc.lk/Publications/Publications.asp?C=4). 19
Page 1 and 2: NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES POL
Page 3 and 4: Preface The outcome document of the
Page 5 and 6: A “New Generation” of Bilateral
Page 7 and 8: TNCs TRIMs TRIPS TRQ UNCTAD UNESCO
Page 9 and 10: The case and options for widening t
Page 11 and 12: outcomes are less clear. Moreover,
Page 13 and 14: countries struggle to ensure that t
Page 15 and 16: Goal B : to empower people to becom
Page 17: Tigers), has not followed the Brett
Page 21 and 22: across the board tariff bindings. F
Page 23 and 24: Such tariff policy should ensure th
Page 25 and 26: Export duties can also be an elemen
Page 27 and 28: IV. EXPORTS AND POVERTY Can develop
Page 29 and 30: Increase Productivity Exports shoul
Page 31 and 32: Box 14: Export Policies and WTO and
Page 33 and 34: percent of domestic consumption) wa
Page 35 and 36: developing countries with a few not
Page 37 and 38: Different products emerge at the to
Page 39 and 40: safeguard measures on agricultural
Page 41 and 42: suppliers in the domestic market fo
Page 43 and 44: Investment Policy is Central to Tra
Page 45 and 46: water and sanitation. Sustainabilit
Page 47 and 48: traditionally done in trade in good
Page 49 and 50: Mode 1 service exports, often terme
Page 51 and 52: It is now incumbent on developing c
Page 53 and 54: commercial value to their tradition
Page 55 and 56: The Proliferation of FTAs Over rece
Page 57 and 58: services liberalization in these ag
Page 59 and 60: copyright protection may be extende
Page 61 and 62: (q) SPS and TBT. Within the framewo
Page 63 and 64: Market Access Even after the abolit
Page 65 and 66: were established almost exclusively
Page 67 and 68: Annex 3B: Fisheries, Putting the pr
Page 69 and 70:
also enshrined in the Code of Condu
Page 71 and 72:
poorest people. 140 Governments in
Page 73 and 74:
Annex 5B: Energy services Attainmen
Page 75 and 76:
Box 25: Strategies for Strengthenin
Page 77 and 78:
On the contrary, a sharp decline ha
Page 79 and 80:
small farmers find themselves left
Page 81 and 82:
A number of developing countries ar
Page 83 and 84:
Commission on Intellectual Property
Page 85 and 86:
Mathew, Sebastian (2003). Trade in
Page 87 and 88:
UNDP (2005). Human Development Repo
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Trade Policy Note Final-rev08 - Development

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