Boyer diss 2009 1046..
Boyer diss 2009 1046.. Boyer diss 2009 1046..
(1983) descriptions are brief and contain inaccuracies and omissions. Simpson (1935:9) misinterpreted the exposed promontorium as a bulla that “is completely ossified, but is remarkably small and relatively little inflated.” Thus, much of the morphology of this specimen is illustrated and described for the first time here. This specimen could not be HRxCT-scanned because of an x-ray opaque naturally deposited/precipitated mineral infilling the petrosals. The skull is crushed flat and only the ventral aspect is visible (Figs. 2.15-16). The dorsal aspect is embedded in matrix and a composite, or plaster, that has been applied, apparently in order to stabilize the specimen. The skull is articulated with a cervical vertebral series. Lying parallel to the vertebral series is a clavicle. Just behind this accumulation is what appears to be part of a radius shaft. Maxilla.— The nasals, premaxillae, and lacrimals are not visible. The maxillae are preserved bilaterally. Left P 3 -M 3 and right M 1-3 are present, still in their alveoli. One P 2 (probably left) is out of its alveolus and lying on the palate (Fig. 2.15). The length of the tooth row from P 2 -M 3 is 14.00 mm (Fig. 2.15). The heavy wear on these teeth reveals that the animal was probably senescent. Neither element preserves any sutures except possibly the zygomatic contact on the right side. The zygomatic process of the maxilla arises at the level of M 2 (Fig. 2.15: 53). The infraorbital foramen is visible on the right side at the level of P 3 (Fig. 2.15: 54). Its dorsoventral depth is roughly 2.22 mm. Zygomatic.— The right zygomatic bone is visible (Fig. 2.15) but fragmentary; no morphology of significance is apparent. Palatine.— Fragments of both palatines are preserved (Fig. 2.15). The posterior end of the palatal part of the bone and the anterior bases of both pterygoid processes are 54
preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact, the right pterygoid process is continuous with the basisphenoid (Fig. 2.15: 56) and alisphenoid (Fig. 2.15: 57) contributions to the process (see below). On the palate, the right palatine terminates at the choanae in a swollen rim of bone, also referred to as a postpalatine torus (Fig. 2.15: 58). The outer (anterior) margin of the torus reaches the lateral margin of the pterygoid processes. Furthermore, the outer margin of the torus is angular, with the anterior part of it following a straight, transversely-to-slightly-posteriorly-running course (so that the right and left margins together form a “v” with its tip pointing posteriorly), and the lateral part following a straight, anteroposteriorly-running course (thus, together the lateral and anterior margins of the postpalatine torus would form an “m”). The inner margin of the torus, which forms the inferoposterior margin of the choanae, is biconcave, with a midline postpalatine spine present (Fig. 2.15: 59), prior to shifting of the contralateral palatines. The level of the posterior termination to the palatal part of the palatine bone is ambiguous because the palatines have been thrust anteriorly and to the left. Sphenoids.— The alisphenoid is visible as the right ectopterygoid process, while the basisphenoid is visible by its contribution to the right entopterygoid process (Fig. 2.15: 56, 57). Squamosal.— The right and left squamosals are preserved (Fig. 2.15). The right side is relatively complete and includes the glenoid (Fig. 2.15: 60), postglenoid process (Fig. 2.15: 61) and a fragment of zygomatic process (Fig. 2.15: 62). The glenoid is flat with the condyle of the dentary still sitting in it. It measures 6.5 mm in anteroposterior length and 5.6 mm in mediolateral width. The postglenoid process is oriented transversly 55
- Page 31 and 32: primates, sharing many dental featu
- Page 33 and 34: were acquired. Specifically, the
- Page 35 and 36: of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
- Page 37 and 38: Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
- Page 39 and 40: Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
- Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
- Page 43 and 44: Information on the cranium of basal
- Page 45 and 46: petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
- Page 47 and 48: History of descriptive study of ple
- Page 49 and 50: Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
- Page 51 and 52: 9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
- Page 53 and 54: portion of the bulla medial to the
- Page 55 and 56: Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
- Page 57 and 58: MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
- Page 59 and 60: whitening, dark and light areas on
- Page 61 and 62: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
- Page 63 and 64: efore meeting a large, anteroposter
- Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
- Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
- Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
- Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
- Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
- Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
- Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
- Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
- Page 81: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
- Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
- Page 87 and 88: Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
- Page 89 and 90: is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
- Page 91 and 92: is not convoluted like many other s
- Page 93 and 94: 110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
- Page 95 and 96: two regions for the internal jugula
- Page 97 and 98: ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
- Page 99 and 100: provides measurements of these and
- Page 101 and 102: of the promontorium of the Pellouin
- Page 103 and 104: seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
- Page 105 and 106: primates, as well as treeshrews and
- Page 107 and 108: canaliculus are present on the sept
- Page 109 and 110: it is missing from the other side o
- Page 111 and 112: observations and interpretations ma
- Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
- Page 115 and 116: Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
- Page 117 and 118: TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
- Page 119 and 120: 81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
- Page 121 and 122: Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
- Page 123 and 124: Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
- Page 125 and 126: Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
- Page 127 and 128: Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
- Page 129 and 130: Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
- Page 131 and 132: Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
(1983) descriptions are brief and contain inaccuracies and omissions. Simpson (1935:9)<br />
misinterpreted the exposed promontorium as a bulla that “is completely ossified, but is<br />
remarkably small and relatively little inflated.”<br />
Thus, much of the morphology of this specimen is illustrated and described for<br />
the first time here. This specimen could not be HRxCT-scanned because of an x-ray<br />
opaque naturally deposited/precipitated mineral infilling the petrosals. The skull is<br />
crushed flat and only the ventral aspect is visible (Figs. 2.15-16). The dorsal aspect is<br />
embedded in matrix and a composite, or plaster, that has been applied, apparently in<br />
order to stabilize the specimen. The skull is articulated with a cervical vertebral series.<br />
Lying parallel to the vertebral series is a clavicle. Just behind this accumulation is what<br />
appears to be part of a radius shaft.<br />
Maxilla.— The nasals, premaxillae, and lacrimals are not visible. The maxillae<br />
are preserved bilaterally. Left P 3 -M 3 and right M 1-3 are present, still in their alveoli. One<br />
P 2 (probably left) is out of its alveolus and lying on the palate (Fig. 2.15). The length of<br />
the tooth row from P 2 -M 3 is 14.00 mm (Fig. 2.15). The heavy wear on these teeth reveals<br />
that the animal was probably senescent. Neither element preserves any sutures except<br />
possibly the zygomatic contact on the right side. The zygomatic process of the maxilla<br />
arises at the level of M 2 (Fig. 2.15: 53). The infraorbital foramen is visible on the right<br />
side at the level of P 3 (Fig. 2.15: 54). Its dorsoventral depth is roughly 2.22 mm.<br />
Zygomatic.— The right zygomatic bone is visible (Fig. 2.15) but fragmentary; no<br />
morphology of significance is apparent.<br />
Palatine.— Fragments of both palatines are preserved (Fig. 2.15). The posterior<br />
end of the palatal part of the bone and the anterior bases of both pterygoid processes are<br />
54