Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Quantitative assessment of morphological differences among plesiadapids A geometric mean was calculated from as many as 39 of the 61 basic measurements to reflect the overall skull size of each specimen (Table 2.4-5). Various size-standardized shape variables were calculated by taking the log e ratio of particular measurements to a specimen’s geometric mean or to another measurement for that specimen (Tables 2.4, 2.6). Identification of plesiadapid tympanic cavity osteology and reconstruction of its soft anatomy I use an extant phylogenetic bracket (Witmer, 1995) as provided by MacPhee (1981) to identify various osteological features and to reconstruct the soft anatomical correlates of grooves and foramina within the tympanic cavity of plesiadapids. 32
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMALIA Order PRIMATES Linnaeus, 1758 Family PLESIADAPIDAE Trouessart, 1897 PRONOTHODECTES Gidley, 1923 PRONOTHODECTES GAOI Fox, 1990 Type UALVP 31238, incomplete left dentary with P 3-4 , M 1-2 ; alveoli for I 1-2 , C, P 2 . Referred specimens UALVP 46685, skull exhibiting postmortem deformation with right and left I 1 , right I 2 , right and left C, P 2-4 , concealed left and right M 1-3 (Figs. 2.1-5). UALVP 49105, isolated left petrosal and ectoympanic (Fig. 2.6). UALVP 46687, isolated right petrosal (Fig. 2.7). Occurrence UALVP 46685 and 46687 come from the DW-2 locality, thought to be middle Tiffanian in age (Ti3). UALVP 49105 comes from the Joffre Bridge locality, thought to be coeval with DW-2. Both localities located in strata of the Paskapoo Formation, which accumulated in the Alberta syncline of central Alberta (Fox, 1990b). 33
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
Page 3 and 4:
Stony Brook University The Graduate
Page 5 and 6:
postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 19 and 20: Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
Page 25 and 26: Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
Page 27 and 28: Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
Page 31 and 32: primates, sharing many dental featu
Page 33 and 34: were acquired. Specifically, the
Page 35 and 36: of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
Page 37 and 38: Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
Page 39 and 40: Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
Page 43 and 44: Information on the cranium of basal
Page 45 and 46: petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
Page 47 and 48: History of descriptive study of ple
Page 49 and 50: Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
Page 51 and 52: 9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
Page 53 and 54: portion of the bulla medial to the
Page 55 and 56: Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
Page 57 and 58: MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
Page 59: whitening, dark and light areas on
Page 63 and 64: efore meeting a large, anteroposter
Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
Page 87 and 88: Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
Page 89 and 90: is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
Page 91 and 92: is not convoluted like many other s
Page 93 and 94: 110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
Page 95 and 96: two regions for the internal jugula
Page 97 and 98: ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
Page 99 and 100: provides measurements of these and
Page 101 and 102: of the promontorium of the Pellouin
Page 103 and 104: seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
Page 105 and 106: primates, as well as treeshrews and
Page 107 and 108: canaliculus are present on the sept
Page 109 and 110: it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Page 167 and 168:
Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Page 257 and 258:
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 497:
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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