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Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. Evolution and diversification of the Archonta in an arboreal milieu. In: Luckett, W.P. (ed) Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships of Tree Shrews. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 133-169. Szalay, F.S., Rosenberger, A.L., Dagosto, M., 1987. Diagnosis and differentiation of the order Primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 30, 75-105. Szalay, F.S., Tattersall, I., Decker, R.L., 1975. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiadapis - postcranial evidence. Contributions to Primatology 5, 136-166. Tambareau, Y., Russell, D.E., Sigogneau-Russell, D., Villatte, J., 1992. Decouverte de vertébrés dans le Paléocène de Campo (Pryenees aragonaises). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 128, 73-76. Teilhard de Chardin, P., 1922. Les mammifères de l'éocène inférieur francais et leurs gisements. Annales de Paléontologie 11, 9-116. Thewissen, J.G.M., Williams, E.M., Hussain, S.T., 2001. Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21, 347-366. Trouessart, E.L., 1897. Catalogues des Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. Van der Klaauw, C.J., 1931. The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals with a general introduction to this region of the skull. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 62, 1-352. Van Valen, L., 1971. Adaptive zones and the orders of mammals. Evolution 25, 420-428. Van Valen, L.M., 1982. Homology and causes. Journal of Morphology 173, 305-312. Van Valen, L.M., 1994. The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius. University of Chicago Evolutionary Monographs 15, 1-79. Wible, J.R., 1993. Cranial circulation and relationships of the colugo Cynocephalus (Dermoptera, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 3072, 1-27. Wible, J.R., Covert, H.H., 1987. Primates: cladistic diagnosis and relationships. Journal of Human Evolution 16, 1-22. Wible, J.R., Gaudin, T.J., 2004. On the cranial anatomy of the yellow armadillo Euphractus sexintus (Dasypodidae, Xenarthra, Placentalia). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 73, 117-196. 568
Wible, J.R., Novacek, M.J., 1988. Cranial evidence for the monophyletic origin of bats. American Museum Novitates 2911, 1-19. Wible, J.R., 2008. On the cranial osteology of the hispaniolan solenodon Solenodon paradoxurus Brandt, 1833 (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Solenodontidae). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 77, 321-402. Wiley, E.O., Siegel-Causey, D., Brooks, D.R., Funk, V.A., 1991. The Compleat Cladist: A Primer of Phylogenetic Procedures. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. Witmer, L.M., 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason, J.J. (ed) Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 19-33. Youlatos, D., Godinot, M., 2004. Locomotor adaptations of Plesiadapis tricuspidens and Plesiadapis n. sp. (Mammalia, Plesiadapiformes) as reflected in selected parts of the postcranium. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 82, 103-118 Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292, 686-693. 569
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547: 2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549: Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551: and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555: Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557: TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559: Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561: asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563: 111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565: 158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567: Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569: Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571: Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573: Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575: Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577: ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579: its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581: vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583: More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585: Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587: BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589: Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591: Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593: MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595: Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
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