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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fossil primate hands: a review and an evolutionary inquiry emphasizing early forms. Human Evolution 6, 307-354. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gregory, W.K., 1920. On the structure and relations of Notharctus, an American Eocene primate. Memoires of the American Museum of Natural History 3, 45-243. Gunnell, G.F., 1989. Evolutionary history of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia, ?Primates) and the relationship between Plesiadapiformes and Primates. University of Michigan, Papers on Paleontology 27, 1-157. Gunnell, G.F., Gingerich, P.D., 1987. Skull and partial skeleton of Plesiadapis cookei from the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72, 206a. Haines, R.W., 1955. The anatomy of the hand of certain insectivores. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 125, 761-776. Hamrick, M.W., Rosenman, B.A., Brush, J.A., 1999. Phalangeal morphology of the Paromomyidae (?Primates, Plesiadapiformes): The evidence for gliding behavior reconsidered. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109, 397-413. Hamrick, M.W., 2001. Primate origins: evolutionary change in digit ray patterning and segmentation. Journal of Human Evolution 40, 339-351. Hoffstetter, R., 1977. Phylogénie des primates. Confrontation des resultats obtenus par les diverses voies d'approche du probleme. Bulletins and Mémoires Société d'Anthropologie de Paris t.4, série XIII, 327-346. Hooker, J.J., 1994. A new species of Platychoerops (Plesiadapiformes, Mammalia) from the latest Palaeocene of the Paris, London and Belgian basins. Geobios 27, 343- 352. Hooker, J.J., Millbank, C., 2001. A Cernaysian mammal from the Upnor Formation (Late Palaeocene, Herne Bay, UK) and its implications for correlation. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 112, 331-338. Jenkins, F.A., 1974. Tree shrew locomotion and the origins of primate arborealism. In: Jenkins, F.A. (ed) Primate Locomotion. Academic Press, New York, pp. 85-115. Jepsen, G.L., 1930. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Paleocene of northeastern Park County, Wyoming. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 69, 463- 528. 562
Jernvall, J., Gilbert, C.C., Wright, P.C., 2008. Peculiar tooth homologies of the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur = Hapalemur simus): When is a paracone not a paracone? In: Fleagle, J.G., Gilbert, C.C. (eds) Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins. Springer, New York, pp. 335–342. Jungers, W.L., 1985. Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates. In: Jungers, W.L. (ed) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 345-381. Jungers, W.L., Falsetti, A.B., Wall, C.E., 1995. Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 38, 137-161. Kay, R.F., 1975. The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 43, 195-216. Kay, R.F., Thewissen, J.G.M., Yoder, A.D., 1992. Cranial anatomy of Ignacius graybullianus and the affinities of the Plesiadapiformes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89, 477-498. Kirk, E.C., Cartmill, M., Kay, R.F., Lemelin, P., 2003. Comment on "Grasping primate origins". Science 300, 741. Kirk, E.C., Lemelin, P., Hamrick, M.W., <strong>Boyer</strong>, D.M., Bloch, J.I., 2008. Intrinsic hand proportions of euarchontans and other mammals: implications for the locomotor behavior of plesiadapiforms. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 278-299. Le Gros Clark, W.E., 1926. On the anatomy of the pen-tailed tree-shrew. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1926, 1179-1309. Lemoine, V., 1893. Etude sur les os du pied des mammifères de la faume cernaysienne et sur quelques pieces osseuses nouvelles de cet horizon paléontologique. Bulletin de la Societe Géologique de France (3eme ser) 21, 353-368. Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria natureae secundum classes, ordines genera, species cum characteribus, differentris, synonymis, locis, Editis decima, reformata edn. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. Lofgren, D.L., Lillegraven, J.A., Clemens, W.A., Gingerich, P.D., Williamson, T.E., 2004. Paleocene biochronology: the Puercan through Clarkforkian land mammal ages. In: Woodburne, M.O. (ed) Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy, 2nd edn. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 43-105 563
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541: Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543: Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545: carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547: 2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549: Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551: and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555: Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557: TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559: Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561: asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563: 111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565: 158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567: Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569: Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571: Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573: Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575: Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577: ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579: its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581: vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583: More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585: Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587: BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589: Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 592 and 593: MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595: Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597: Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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