Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of humerus more than 33% total length of the bone (0), or less than 33% total length of bone (1). 112 (p4). Deltopectoral crest of humerus positioned anteriorly (0), or laterally (1). 113 (p5). Radial and/or olecranon fossa of humerus distinct (0), or indistinct to absent (1). 114 (p6). Breadth of medial epicondyle (=entepicondyle) of humerus 30% or more of total distal breadth (0), or less than 30% of total distal breadth (1). 115 (p7). Supinator crest of humerus broad and well developed (0), or reduced to absent (1). 116 (p8). Capitulum of humerus spindle-shaped (0), or ball-like (1). 117 (p9). Attachment for m. teres major on humerus not distinct (0), or present as distinct protrusion on crest leading down from lesser tuberosity (1). 118 (p10). Trochlea of humerus only medial edge present (0), or both medial and lateral edges present and trochlea and capitulum well separated by distinct gap (1). 119 (p11). Bicipital tuberosity on radius clearly distinct from rest of shaft (0), or absent (1). 120 (p12). Radial head ovoid with ratio of mediolateral breadth/anteroposterior breadth greater than 1.26 (0), or round with ratio of mediolateral breadth/anteroposterior breadth less than 1.26 (1). 121 (p13). Radial head with central fossa flat (0), or deeply excavated (1). 122 (p14). Lateral lip on radial head broad but limited to lateral side (0), or narrow and more extensive (1). 123 (p15). Ridge on distal end of anterior radius absent (0), or present, raised and canted (1). 124 (p16). Ulnocarpal articulation mediolaterally and dorsopalmarly extensive, occurring in transverse plane (0), or limited to radial and palmar aspects of distal ulna, lying in proximodistal plane (1). 125 (p17). Olecranon process of ulna similar in length to height of semilunar notch, with ratio of olecranon process length/semilunar notch height greater than 0.8 (0), or very reduced with ratio of olecranon process length/semilunar notch height less than 0.75 (1). 126 (p18). Distal radioulnar articulation unfused (0), or fused (1). 127 (p19). Scaphoid and lunate unfused (0), or fused (1). 128 (p20). Relative length of intermediate phalanges short (0), or long (1). 129 (p21). Nails absent (0), or present on at least one digit (1). 130 (p22). Flexor sheath ridges on manual proximal phalanges absent (0), present but poorly demarcated (1), or present and very well demarcated (2). 131 (p23). Groove for tendon of the flexor fibularis muscle on the astragalus on the midline (0), shifted laterally (1), or absent (2). 132 (p24). Astragalar body shallowly grooved (0), narrow and more deeply grooved (1), not grooved at all, medial and lateral guiding ridges absent (2). 133 (p25). Height of borders of astragalar trochlea subequal (0), or lateral border much higher than medial (1). 134 (p26). Length of astragalar neck less than 30% of total length of bone (0), or more than 30% of total length of bone (1). 534
135 (p27). Secondary articulation between posterior side of sustentaculum tali and astragalus absent (0), present (1), similar facet on sustentaculum contacts medial malleolus rather than astragalus (2), or sustentaculum reduced or absent (3). 136 (p28). Calcaneocuboid articulation with distal calcaneus flat (0), or with concave pit (1). 137 (p29). Distal end of calcaneus not elongate (0), or elongate (1). 138 (p30). Plantodistal process on entocuneiform strong (0), or reduced to absent (1). 139(p31). Acetabular shape circular with ratio of craniocaudal length/dorsoventral breadth less than 1.1 (0), or with ratio of craniocaudal length/dorsoventral breadth more than 1.1 (1). 140 (p32). Pattern of acetabular bony buttressing even around the entire rim (0), or markedly more emphasized cranially (1). 141 (p33). Greater trochanter on femur taller than femoral head (0), comparable in proximal extent to femoral head (1), or markedly shorter than femoral head (2). 142 (p34). Lesser trochanter on femur not enlarged and not extensive medially (0), or enlarged and extended medially beyond level of head (1). 143 (p35). Third trochanter on femur distal to lesser trochanter (0), or on same level as lesser trochanter (1). 144 (p36). Patellar groove on femur triangular and narrow mediolaterally relative to its distal extent (0), or rectangular and wide mediolaterally relative to its distal extent (1). 145 (p37). Distal femur deep with no anterior extension of patellar ridges (0), very deep with anterior extension of patellar ridges (1), or shallow (2). 146 (p38). Trochanteric fossa on femur deep (0), or shallow to absent (1). 147 (p39). Tibial tuberosity robust (0) or small to absent (1). 148 (p40). Medial malleolus on tibia long (0), or short (1). 149 (p41). Tibial plateau with lateral condyle projecting further proximally than medial condyle (0), or medial and lateral condyles projecting to similar extent proximally (1). 150 (p42). Humerofemoral index [=(humerus length/femoral length)*100)] between 70 and 150 (0), greater than 150 (1), or less than 70 (2). 151 (p43). Brachial index [=(radius length/humerus length)*100] less than 120 (0), or greater than 120 (1). 152 (p44). Centrale unfused (0), or postnatal ossification between scaphoid or lunate and centrale in adults (1). 153 (p45). Capitular tail on humerus present (0), or very reduced to absent (1). 154 (p46). Cross-sectional shape of radial shaft rounded (0), or flattened (1). 155 (p47). Manual intermediate phalanges short and broad (0), or tall and narrow (1). 156 (p48). Non-hallucial terminal phalanges shallow proximally and distally (0), deep proximally and shallow distally (1), deep proximally and distally (2), or mediolaterally wide and dorsoventrally flattened (3). 157 (p49). Manual proximal phalanges longer than intermediate phalanges (0), or shorter than intermediate phalanges (1). 535
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513: Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515: Figure 4.42. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 518 and 519: Figure 4.46. 490
Page 520 and 521: Figure 4.47 492
Page 524 and 525: Figure 4.50. 496
Page 526 and 527: Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
Page 528 and 529: INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
Page 530 and 531: have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533: Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535: level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537: plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539: RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541: Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543: Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545: carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547: 2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549: Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551: and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555: Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557: TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559: Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561: asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 564 and 565: 158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567: Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569: Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571: Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573: Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575: Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577: ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579: its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581: vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583: More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585: Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587: BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589: Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591: Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593: MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595: Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597: Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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