Boyer diss 2009 1046..

Outgroup taxa were scored from the literature including Bloch et al. (2001), Clemens
(2004), and Silcox and Gunnell (2008) for P. janisae, and Bloch et al. (2001) and Silcox
et al. (2001) for Elphidotarsius. Elphidotarsius is a composite of E. florencae and E.
wightoni, the two most basal species of the Carpolestidae (Bloch et al., 2001; Silcox et
al., 2001), because individual species are fragmentarily known. The 28 plesiadapid
species included were scored based on Gingerich (1976), Fox (1990), newly available
data from the upper dentition of Pr. gaoi (Chapter 2), an undescribed upper dentition of
Ch. caesor (CM 72770), undescribed lower incisors of Ch. caesor, and undescribed
central incisors of Nannodectes gazini (CM 76922, CM 76938).
Gingerich (1976) inferred dental formulae for several poorly preserved
plesiadapid species. I follow these inferences in my character coding, unless evidence
documented by Gingerich (1976) or elsewhere (i.e., in newly available specimens)
contradicts his reconstructions. For instance, Gingerich (1976) inferred that P. cookei,
Pl. russelli and other Platychoerops species lacked upper canines, but retained upper
second premolars, based on the well-known morphology of P. tricuspidens. However, as
documented and discussed in Chapter 3, P. cookei UM 87990 actually lacks C 1 and P 2 .
Furthermore, it appears to me that the type of Pl. richardsoni (YM 550) also lacks these
teeth. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that Pl. russelli and Pl. daubrei retained P 2 .
The character matrix was analyzed with the program Nona (Nixon, 1999-2002) in
WinClada (Goloboff, 1999) using a heuristic search of ~5,000 replicates.
Character optimization - Cranial and postcranial characters discussed in the
preceding three chapters (2-4), as well as characters from Bloch et al. (2007), are
optimized onto the ancestral node for Plesiadapidae using the newly generated species
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