Boyer diss 2009 1046..
Boyer diss 2009 1046.. Boyer diss 2009 1046..
Figure 4.25 466
Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction of innominate (In) and femur (Fm) of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) based on CT data [CT image resolution = 0.18(x) x 0.18(y) x 0.20(z) mm]. A, shows major increments of change in femoral orientation and articulation with innominate during gait cycle. 5 – closest packed posture suggesting that the usual or average posture of the femur is one in which it is flexed, abducted and slightly laterally rotated. Steps 1-5 show how abduction-adduction, mediolateral rotation, and flexionextension movements combined during the gait cycle to bring the thigh through a large positional and angular excursion, while keeping the joint surfaces of the acetabulum and femur in maximal overlap. Going from the closest-packed position of the hip to pushing off the substrate (5 1) would have simply entailed extension the abducted femur. During the swing phase (1 2) the thigh was adducted and flexed without any axial rotation. At touch down (2 3) the femur was probably medially rotated, especially if the tibia and foot were incorporated into increasing the length of the stride (see below). The beginning of the propulsive phase (3 4) likely entailed abduction until the posterolateral extension of the femoral head articular surface abutted the acetabulum. From here, lateral rotation would have brought the femur back to its closest packed position while also causing the body to swing forward (anteriorly) and ventrally on the tibae (4 5). From the closest packed position the femur could have extended, thus pushing the body further anteriorly. B, summary of movements in different planes through the gait cycle. 467
- Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
- Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
- Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
- Page 449 and 450: Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiad
- Page 451 and 452: Table 4.28. Measurements of plesiad
- Page 453 and 454: Table 4.32. Measurements of plesiad
- Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
- Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
- Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
- Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
- Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
- Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
- Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
- Page 471 and 472: Figure 4.8. Surface reconstructions
- Page 473 and 474: Figure 4.9. Surface reconstructions
- Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
- Page 477 and 478: Figure 4.12. Surface reconstruction
- Page 479 and 480: Figure 4.13. Surface reconstruction
- Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
- Page 483 and 484: Figure 4.15. Surface reconstruction
- Page 485 and 486: Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
- Page 487 and 488: Figure 4.19. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 489 and 490: Figure 4.21. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 491 and 492: Figure 4.23. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 493: Figure 4.24. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 497: Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 500 and 501: Figure 4.30 472
- Page 502 and 503: Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
- Page 504 and 505: Figure 4.33 476
- Page 506 and 507: Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
- Page 508 and 509: Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 510 and 511: Figure 4.38. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 512 and 513: Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
- Page 514 and 515: Figure 4.42. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 516 and 517: Figure 4.44. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 518 and 519: Figure 4.46. 490
- Page 520 and 521: Figure 4.47 492
- Page 522 and 523: Figure 4.48. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
- Page 524 and 525: Figure 4.50. 496
- Page 526 and 527: Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
- Page 528 and 529: INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
- Page 530 and 531: have a lacrimal bone that retains i
- Page 532 and 533: Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
- Page 534 and 535: level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
- Page 536 and 537: plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
- Page 538 and 539: RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
- Page 540 and 541: Optimization of postcranial traits
- Page 542 and 543: Therefore, character optimization r
Figure 4.25<br />
466
Change language