Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Figure 4.16. Plesiadapis cookei or Uintacyon sp. (UM 87990). Stereophotographic views of “set 2” metacarpals. A, left MC II; B, right MC III; C, right MC IV; and D, right MC V. 456
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coordinates based on an analysis using a Euclidean distance matrix calculated from seven metacarpal shape variables of Table 5.11. As discussed in the methods section these variables were calculated as natural log ratios of each of seven raw measurements from Table 5.10 (Le, PEW, PED, MSW, MSD, DEW, and DED) to the geometric mean of all measurements for a given specimen. Gray line represents a minimum spanning tree between cases. Note that the “set 1” MC V of UM 87990 is closest to the three P. tricuspidens MC V’s, while the “set 2” MC V is separated from this group by the MC V of N. intermedius. 457
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436: Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 483: Figure 4.15. Surface reconstruction
Page 497: Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 500 and 501: Figure 4.30 472
Page 502 and 503: Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
Page 504 and 505: Figure 4.33 476
Page 506 and 507: Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 512 and 513: Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 518 and 519: Figure 4.46. 490
Page 520 and 521: Figure 4.47 492
Page 524 and 525: Figure 4.50. 496
Page 528 and 529: INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
Page 530 and 531: have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533: Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
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MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
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Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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