01.09.2014
•
Views
of terms, as well as lists of terms and synonyms that may be helpful in some cases. Table 2.1 is a list of numerical codes for relevant anatomical structures. Table 2.2 is a list of abbreviations for cranial bones and anatomical structures. Institutional abbreviations AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York; MaPhQ, Montauban Phosphorites du Quercy; MNHN, Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; SBU, Stony Brook University; UALVP, University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology, Edmonton; UM, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; UM, University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Ann Arbor; UMMZ, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor; USNM, United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington; YPM-PU, Yale Peabody Museum- Princeton University collection, New Haven. Generic abbreviations I. - Ignacius P. – Plesiadapis Pr. – Pronothodectes N. – Nannodectes 18
History of descriptive study of plesiadapid cranial material Simpson (1935) provided the initial description of a plesiadapid skull and associated dentition (AMNH 17388), now attributed to Nannodectes gidleyi (Gingerich, 1976). The specimen came from the Mason Pocket locality in late Paleocene strata of the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, Colorado. The details Simpson provided on the cranial anatomy are brief. No figures were provided. Russell (1959) provided a preliminary description of a more complete plesiadapid skull, Plesiadapis tricuspidens (MNHN CR 125), from the Berru locality near Reims in late Paleocene strata of the Paris Basin, France. This contribution included a labeled sketch of the skull in dorsal and ventral views, and corresponding photographs. As summarized by Gingerich (1976), Russell described the general form of the skull, interpreted it as preserving large premaxillae that contact the frontals, and otherwise focused on the basicranium. Russell (1959) stated that the skull preserves a posterior carotid canal, and that there are two subequal grooves on the promontorium for the promontory and stapedial arteries. He also stated that the bullae appeared to have been derived from the petrosal. Simons (1960: fig. 1) reviewed the find of MNHN CR 125 and provided a reconstruction of the skull in lateral view. The caption states that there is “correction for distortion.” Simons noted the lack of a postorbital bar and relatively large antemolar dentition as distinctive features of this Paleocene “primate,” contrasting it with euprimates. Russell (1964) provided the most comprehensive description of a plesiadapid skull (P. tricuspidens, based on MNHN CR 125, 126, 966, 965; 4306) as a follow-up to 19
-
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
-
Page 3 and 4:
Stony Brook University The Graduate
-
Page 5 and 6:
postcranial anatomy more accurately
-
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents List of Figures .
-
Page 9 and 10:
Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
Page 11 and 12:
Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
Page 13 and 14:
Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
Page 15 and 16:
Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
Page 17 and 18:
Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
Page 19 and 20:
Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
-
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
-
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
-
Page 25 and 26:
Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
-
Page 27 and 28:
Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
-
Page 29 and 30:
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
-
Page 31 and 32:
primates, sharing many dental featu
-
Page 33 and 34:
were acquired. Specifically, the
-
Page 35 and 36:
of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
-
Page 37 and 38:
Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
-
Page 39 and 40:
Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
-
Page 41 and 42:
CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
-
Page 43 and 44:
Information on the cranium of basal
-
Page 45:
petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
-
Page 49 and 50:
Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
-
Page 51 and 52:
9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
-
Page 53 and 54:
portion of the bulla medial to the
-
Page 55 and 56:
Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
-
Page 57 and 58:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
-
Page 59 and 60:
whitening, dark and light areas on
-
Page 61 and 62:
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
-
Page 63 and 64:
efore meeting a large, anteroposter
-
Page 65 and 66:
The canine is a simple, single-root
-
Page 67 and 68:
existence and/or nature of contacts
-
Page 69 and 70:
outlined. This includes description
-
Page 71 and 72:
eneath it while also extending post
-
Page 73 and 74:
y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
-
Page 75 and 76:
the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
-
Page 77 and 78:
margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
-
Page 79 and 80:
groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
-
Page 81 and 82:
2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
-
Page 83 and 84:
preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
-
Page 85 and 86:
the posterior septum, a deeply inci
-
Page 87 and 88:
Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
-
Page 89 and 90:
is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
-
Page 91 and 92:
is not convoluted like many other s
-
Page 93 and 94:
110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
-
Page 95 and 96:
two regions for the internal jugula
-
Page 97 and 98:
ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
-
Page 99 and 100:
provides measurements of these and
-
Page 101 and 102:
of the promontorium of the Pellouin
-
Page 103 and 104:
seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
-
Page 105 and 106:
primates, as well as treeshrews and
-
Page 107 and 108:
canaliculus are present on the sept
-
Page 109 and 110:
it is missing from the other side o
-
Page 111 and 112:
observations and interpretations ma
-
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
-
Page 115 and 116:
Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
-
Page 117 and 118:
TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
-
Page 119 and 120:
81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
-
Page 121 and 122:
Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
-
Page 123 and 124:
Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
-
Page 125 and 126:
Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
-
Page 127 and 128:
Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
-
Page 129 and 130:
Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
-
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
-
Page 133 and 134:
Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
-
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
-
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 2.2. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
-
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 2.3. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
-
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 2.4. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
-
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 2.5. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
-
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 2.6. UALVP 49105 Pronothodec
-
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 2.7. UALVP 46687 Pronothodec
-
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
-
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
-
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
-
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 2.11. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
-
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 2.13. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
-
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
-
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
-
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
-
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 2.20. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
-
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
-
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 2.23. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
-
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 2.24. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
-
Page 173 and 174:
Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
-
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
-
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 2.27. Pellouin skull Plesiad
-
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 2.28. Pellouin skull Plesiad
-
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 2.29. Pellouin skull Plesiad
-
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
-
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 2.31. MNHN CR 126, Plesiadap
-
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
-
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
-
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
-
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
-
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
-
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
-
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
-
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
-
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
-
Page 205 and 206:
CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
-
Page 207 and 208:
these species. Changing ecological
-
Page 209 and 210:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
-
Page 211 and 212:
Methods of examination and document
-
Page 213 and 214:
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
-
Page 215 and 216:
Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
-
Page 217 and 218:
nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
-
Page 219 and 220:
identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
-
Page 221 and 222:
process is quite large, projecting
-
Page 223 and 224:
vestibuli. This groove’s point of
-
Page 225 and 226:
9: 40). The right side reveals an a
-
Page 227 and 228:
e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
-
Page 229 and 230:
process appears as solid bone. Admi
-
Page 231 and 232:
16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
-
Page 233 and 234:
DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
-
Page 235 and 236:
Lower premolar molarization As indi
-
Page 237 and 238:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
-
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
-
Page 241 and 242:
TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
-
Page 243 and 244:
Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
-
Page 245 and 246:
Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
-
Page 247 and 248:
Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
-
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
-
Page 251 and 252:
Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
-
Page 253 and 254:
Figure 3.4. Cranium of Plesiadapis
-
Page 255 and 256:
Figure 3.5. Cranium of Plesiadapis
-
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 3.6. Cranium of Plesiadapis
-
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
-
Page 261 and 262:
Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
-
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 3.10. Cranium of Plesiadapis
-
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
-
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
-
Page 269 and 270:
CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
-
Page 271 and 272:
among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
-
Page 273 and 274:
Institutional and collections abbre
-
Page 275 and 276:
CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
-
Page 277 and 278:
HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
-
Page 279 and 280:
MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
-
Page 281 and 282:
Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
-
Page 283 and 284:
History of descriptive study of the
-
Page 285 and 286:
illustrations of this material, exc
-
Page 287 and 288:
astragalus and calcaneum was highly
-
Page 289 and 290:
discussion of the femur indicates t
-
Page 291 and 292:
supinator crests. He also noted tha
-
Page 293 and 294:
that it may not even be an archonta
-
Page 295 and 296:
unstudied material. Specifically, h
-
Page 297 and 298:
5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
-
Page 299 and 300:
Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
-
Page 301 and 302:
prehensility they provide, is an in
-
Page 303 and 304:
euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
-
Page 305 and 306:
for comparison. These include isola
-
Page 307 and 308:
plesiadapid samples have the same m
-
Page 309 and 310:
Organization of results Each bone i
-
Page 311 and 312:
Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
-
Page 313 and 314:
clavicle reflects some basic aspect
-
Page 315 and 316:
Humerus Description.—The right an
-
Page 317 and 318:
epicondyle actually projects somewh
-
Page 319 and 320:
cookei is absolutely longer than an
-
Page 321 and 322:
tuberosity. This crest probably del
-
Page 323 and 324:
olecranon process to estimate its t
-
Page 325 and 326:
distinct, convex distal radial face
-
Page 327 and 328:
of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
-
Page 329 and 330:
(there is no evidence for more than
-
Page 331 and 332:
matches the opposing facet on the t
-
Page 333 and 334:
mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
-
Page 335 and 336:
Function.—The three proximal carp
-
Page 337 and 338:
the bone presently being described:
-
Page 339 and 340:
the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
-
Page 341 and 342:
differs from MC II and III in havin
-
Page 343 and 344:
even more pronounced. The distal en
-
Page 345 and 346:
etween the distal carpals and the
-
Page 347 and 348:
have stouter shaft diameters for th
-
Page 349 and 350:
difference makes them more like kno
-
Page 351 and 352:
antipronograde clinging postures, o
-
Page 353 and 354:
foramina, and faces slightly proxim
-
Page 355 and 356:
spine at the superior tip of the il
-
Page 357 and 358:
the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
-
Page 359 and 360:
The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
-
Page 361 and 362:
lacking a lateral extension of its
-
Page 363 and 364:
The anteromedial side of the tibial
-
Page 365 and 366:
fibular notch and the strong crest
-
Page 367 and 368:
to the peroneal surface. The perone
-
Page 369 and 370:
could even be described as having t
-
Page 371 and 372:
Function.—The functional features
-
Page 373 and 374:
flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
-
Page 375 and 376:
tubercle, which is centrally locate
-
Page 377 and 378:
Cuboid Description.—The right cub
-
Page 379 and 380:
Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
-
Page 381 and 382:
Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
-
Page 383 and 384:
articulation with the entocuneiform
-
Page 385 and 386:
medial side facet on MT IV from a v
-
Page 387 and 388:
Vertebral column Vertebral column d
-
Page 389 and 390:
measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
-
Page 391 and 392:
transverse processes, and the poste
-
Page 393 and 394:
taxa appear to have slightly more p
-
Page 395 and 396:
dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
-
Page 397 and 398:
The zygapophyses increase in size b
-
Page 399 and 400:
vertebrae. It is also similar to th
-
Page 401 and 402:
identifications have been reversed.
-
Page 403 and 404:
preserved. The ribs are slender and
-
Page 405 and 406:
Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
-
Page 407 and 408:
third metacarpal, similar to arbore
-
Page 409 and 410:
autapomorphy, because it appears th
-
Page 411 and 412:
Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
-
Page 413 and 414:
Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
-
Page 415 and 416:
are consistent with more frequent u
-
Page 417 and 418:
differences generated from informat
-
Page 419 and 420:
Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
-
Page 421 and 422:
ubriventer: implications for the fu
-
Page 423 and 424:
Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
-
Page 425 and 426:
Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
-
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
-
Page 429 and 430:
Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
-
Page 431 and 432:
Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
-
Page 433 and 434:
Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
-
Page 435 and 436:
Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
-
Page 437 and 438:
Table 4.15. Measurements of plesiad
-
Page 439 and 440:
Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
-
Page 441 and 442:
Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
-
Page 443 and 444:
Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
-
Page 445 and 446:
Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
-
Page 447 and 448:
Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
-
Page 449 and 450:
Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiad
-
Page 451 and 452:
Table 4.28. Measurements of plesiad
-
Page 453 and 454:
Table 4.32. Measurements of plesiad
-
Page 455 and 456:
Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
-
Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
-
Page 459 and 460:
Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
-
Page 461 and 462:
Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
-
Page 463 and 464:
Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
-
Page 465 and 466:
Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 467 and 468:
Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
-
Page 469 and 470:
Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
-
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 4.8. Surface reconstructions
-
Page 473 and 474:
Figure 4.9. Surface reconstructions
-
Page 475 and 476:
Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
-
Page 477 and 478:
Figure 4.12. Surface reconstruction
-
Page 479 and 480:
Figure 4.13. Surface reconstruction
-
Page 481 and 482:
Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
-
Page 483 and 484:
Figure 4.15. Surface reconstruction
-
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
-
Page 487 and 488:
Figure 4.19. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 489 and 490:
Figure 4.21. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 491 and 492:
Figure 4.23. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 493 and 494:
Figure 4.24. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 495 and 496:
Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction
-
Page 497:
Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
-
Page 502 and 503:
Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
-
Page 504 and 505:
Figure 4.33 476
-
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
-
Page 508 and 509:
Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 510 and 511:
Figure 4.38. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 512 and 513:
Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
-
Page 514 and 515:
Figure 4.42. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4.44. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
-
Page 520 and 521:
Figure 4.47 492
-
Page 522 and 523:
Figure 4.48. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
-
Page 524 and 525:
Figure 4.50. 496
-
Page 526 and 527:
Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
-
Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
-
Page 530 and 531:
have a lacrimal bone that retains i
-
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
-
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
-
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
-
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
-
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
-
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
-
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
-
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
-
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
-
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
-
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
-
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
-
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
-
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
-
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
-
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
-
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
-
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
-
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
-
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
-
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
-
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
-
Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
-
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
-
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
-
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
-
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
-
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
-
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
-
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
-
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
-
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
-
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
Change language