Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Table 4.34. Plesiadapiform limb indices. Abbreviations: Ltr-I – limb-trunk index, Br-I – brachial index, Cr-I – crural index, Int-I – intermembral index, Hf-I – humerofemoral index, Rt-I – radiotibial index. See “other abbreviations” section of Introduction for explanations of indices. Taxon Specimen Ltr-I Br-I Cr-I Int-I Hf-I Rt-I P. cookei UM 87990 79 101 99 88 87 89 P. tricuspidens various -- 99 -- -- 92 -- P. insignis Gingerich 1976 58 84 94 71 75 67 N. intermedius USNM 442229 -- -- -- 73 -- 73 C. simpsoni UM 101963 -- 112 -- -- 74 -- I. clarkforkensis UM 82616 89 94 104 80 84 76 Micromomyidae various -- 117 127 93 97 90 426
Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (mm) for comparison to plesiadapids. Abbreviations: Trk – trunk (thorax +lumbus), H – humerus, U – ulna, R – radius, MC III – metacarpal 3, F – femur, T – tibia, MtIII – metatarsal 3. Taxon Specimen Trk-L H-L R-L MC III-L F-L T-L MT III-L Tarsius philipensis UMMZ 95741 46.39 27.60 35.10 10.49 55.46 53.36 11.63 Glaucomys volans UMMZ 168356 56.70 26.41 30.34 5.21 31.20 35.34 12.08 Cebuella pygmaea UMMZ 160146 61.21 30.12 28.40 8.18 34.58 36.70 14.08 Citellus mexicanus UMR 1716 73.33 24.30 21.43 8.06 31.46 33.70 13.46 Petaurus breviceps UMMZ 160143 84.40 33.54 41.06 7.34 41.04 44.90 7.14 Tupaia glis UMMZ 118389 85.38 28.98 27.20 9.60 37.00 37.00 15.90 Galago senegalensis UMMZ 113351 85.54 35.50 35.70 8.82 70.10 62.50 11.02 Callimico geoldic UMMZ 160149 139.95 56.70 53.50 16.00 77.50 77.50 29.00 Saguinus mystax UMMZ 160148 147.70 54.14 50.78 15.02 70.28 71.94 26.26 Sciurus niger UMMZ TC 29 149.45 48.00 46.20 13.90 62.40 67.90 24.90 Nycticebus coucang UMMZ 113355 166.68 69.70 67.80 12.00 81.70 76.90 14.30 Ateles geoffroyi UMMZ 63171 202.50 194.00 207.00 47.30 200.00 187.00 54.60 Eulemur fulvus UMMZ 160910 207.23 86.19 102.78 22.15 135.53 128.73 31.24 Cynocephalus volans USNM 56530 210.49 105.40 121.90 28.39 122.96 120.17 24.58 Bradypodus tridactylus UMMZ 64943 236.00 170.00 152.00 19.05 97.42 90.25 19.76 Trichosurus vulpecula UMMZ 157192 250.08 80.20 92.90 18.53 104.06 102.02 22.50 Choloepus hoffmani UMMZ 64940 308.50 125.40 140.00 29.00 126.50 117.54 29.00 Otolemur crassicandatus UMMZ mean of 2 nm 55.66 68.44 13.21 92.03 85.22 16.15 Nycticebus coucang UMMZ mean of 3 nm 69.84 76.52 13.66 81.52 79.22 15.90 Alouatta p. mexicana UMMZ mean of 2 nm 149.79 157.65 31.00 148.61 136.54 38.32 Alouatta p. aequatorialis UMMZ mean of 2 nm 148.77 160.53 34.20 154.70 136.15 40.46 Ateles geoffroyi UMMZ mean of 2 nm 194.71 223.43 50.10 195.89 187.73 54.60 Galago senegalensis UMMZ mean of 2 nm 35.50 35.70 8.82 70.10 62.50 11.02 Ptilocercus lowii Le Gros Clark 1926 nm 21.53 22.93 6.12 27.16 28.73 8.90 Sciurus carolinensis SBU MRd-10 nm 42.03 40.16 12.59 54.69 61.06 23.00 Cebuella pygmaea SBU NC-01 nm 34.70 32.01 9.34 38.68 38.97 15.28 Saguinus oedipus SBU NSg-06 nm 51.46 45.83 14.22 65.28 65.18 24.63 Tupaia glis sbu specimen nm 29.85 26.62 9.33 37.72 38.69 16.14 Saimiri sciureus UMMZ 122657 nm 74.44 79.97 8.22 92.27 92.46 30.53 Alouatta caraya UMMZ 124690 nm 136.01 144.30 30.34 145.60 126.30 37.70 Callicebus m. pallesceus UMMZ 125576 nm 67.60 64.80 9.13 79.65 83.09 24.95 Saguinus oedipus UMMZ 157195 nm 52.18 52.85 14.81 63.56 64.27 25.18 Petaurus breviceps UMMZ 160143 nm 33.54 41.06 7.34 41.04 44.90 7.14 Cebuella pygmaea UMMZ 160146 nm 30.12 28.40 8.18 34.58 36.70 14.08 Saguinus goeffroyi UMMZ 160147 nm 52.94 55.52 15.27 66.56 69.40 25.58 Hylobates hoolock UMMZ 160908 nm 220.80 255.10 61.44 203.60 182.00 46.64 Macaca f. mindanensis UMMZ 161308 nm 119.50 137.20 31.54 141.98 131.85 43.14 Pan troglodytes UMMZ 167199 nm 285.60 286.68 87.01 281.30 252.10 74.70 Varecia variegata UMMZ 172669 nm 105.74 122.01 29.57 157.79 140.22 36.65 Cercopihecus cephus UMMZ 39508 nm 111.32 123.85 28.64 140.88 137.78 42.20 Saimiri s. sciureus UMMZ 46414 nm 67.68 66.06 15.66 80.91 82.13 27.18 Pan troglodytes UMMZ 76276 nm 247.00 238.40 75.00 226.40 200.70 65.24 Cebus capucinus UMMZ 77296 nm 100.91 104.99 22.53 123.72 118.02 37.50 Macaca mulatta UMMZ 98651 nm 125.84 139.40 30.65 145.40 137.15 37.27 427
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436: Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 453: Table 4.32. Measurements of plesiad
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 485 and 486: Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 497: Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 500 and 501: Figure 4.30 472
Page 502 and 503: Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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