Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Table 4.27. Measurements of plesiadapid thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Taxon Specimen Pos Le PEW a PED DEW DED CH CW LML SPL SPW TPL APL P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42A) T1? 6.59 7.45 3.07 9.24 3.46 -- -- -- -- -- -- na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42B) T2? -- 6.14 2.8 -- -- 3.9 4.3 5.93 -- -- -- na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42C) T3? 8.45 6.11 3.25 8.00 3.32 -- 4.65 7.44 -- -- -- na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42D) T4? 9.01 -- -- 7.34 4.57 -- -- -- -- -- -- na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42E) T5? 8.8 6.8 5.2 7.90 5.24 -- -- -- -- -- 5.5 na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42E) T6? 8.55 6.4 4.7 7.71 5.35 -- -- -- -- -- 5.3 na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42F) T7? 8 5.67 4.69 -- 5.25 -- 4.77 -- -- -- -- na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42G) T8? 8.94 5.86 4.8 -- 4.78 -- 6 -- -- -- 5 na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42H) T9? 8.86 5.88 4.94 7.24 4.54 -- 5.39 6.62 -- 3.62 5.1 na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42I) T10? 9.13 6.3 4.34 8.53 4.19 4 4.04 7.6 4.9 4.14 3.51 na P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42J) T12? 10.13 -- -- 8.34 5.79 -- 4.6 8.45 -- -- na -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.42K) T13? 10.29 7.57 4.62 8.29 -- 3.78 -- 7.86 4.8 6.46 na -- N. intermedius USNM 442229 (146)* T1? -- -- -- 3.62 1.95 2.6 -- 2.45 -- 1.62 -- na N. intermedius USNM 442229 (145)* T7? 4.2 3.15 1.93 3.63 1.93 2.73 3.43 3.16 >2.4 1.28 2.71 na N. intermedius USNM 442229 (136)* T12? 5.24 3.46 2.21 4.13 2.23 2.42 3.03 3.8 -- 2.94 na 1.3 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (148)* T13? 5.68 3.6 2.46 4.48 2.8 2.32 3.11 3.95 2.37 2.3 na 2.78 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 T1? 5.35 4.04 2.63 5.1 2.8 2.98 2.92 4.53 2.49 1.2 1.43 na N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 T2? 4.9 3.64 2.52 4.32 2.6 2.9 2.95 -- -- 1.12 2.36 na N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 T12? 6.49 3.87 2.5 5 2.88 2.8 -- 5.12 -- -- na -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 T13? 6.57 4.2 2.5 -- 2.8 2.8 3.3 5.49 -- 3.64 na 3.61 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.43A) L1? 11.6 7.4 4.97 8.1 5.16 -- -- 8.7 5.42 7.8 -- 5.2 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.43B) L3? 13.06 7.57 5.23 8.46 5.3 4.16 3.8 10.6 5.5 7.4 -- 4.41 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.43C) L4? 13.26 7.5 5.6 8.1 -- -- -- 10.8 -- -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.43D) L5? -- 7.74 6.30 -- -- 4.12 3.5 9.1 6.98 6.2 -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.43E) L6? 14.03 8.12 6.05 9.98 6.24 -- -- 11.6 -- -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.43F) L7? 14.6 10.7 6.3 11.55 7 -- -- 10.10 -- -- -- -- N. intermedius USNM 442229 (137)* L1? 5.93 4.1 2.46 4.71 2.78 2.5 3.31 4.97 2.9 2.27 -- 2.12 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (107)* L7? 7.28 4.76 3.12 5.28 3.42 2.3 3.3 4.46 4.7 2.48 4.8 -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 L1? 7.24 4.74 3 5.12 3.4 2.7 3.4 6.13 -- -- na 4.1 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 L2? 7.76 5.42 3.62 5.1 3.42 -- 3.6 6.9 -- -- -- >2.7 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 L3? 8.3 5.2 3.13 5.46 3.26 2.53 3.75 7.35 3.1 ~4.3 -- >2.5 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 L6? 9.3 5.63 3.93 5.42 3.75 2.94 3.9 7.56 -- -- -- a – for vertebrae, “P” of PEW and PED refers to the cranial end of the element, while “D” of DEW and DED refers to the caudal end *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen. 422
Table 4.28. Measurements of plesiadapid sacral vertebrae. Taxon Specimen Pos Le PEW a PED DEW DED CH CW LML SPL TPL P. cookei UM 87990 S1 11.8 10.7 4.12 7.9 -- -- -- 8.2 >4.25 6 P. cookei UM 87990 S2 9.6 8.3 -- 7.6 -- -- -- 9.5 -- 5.6 P. cookei UM 87990 S3 10.2 7.6 -- 7.8 4.02 -- -- 9.9 >4.5 4.6 N. intermedius USNM 399898 (72)* S1 6.1 4.55 2.98 3.74 -- 2 3.1 4.8 >2.65 3.6 N. intermedius USNM 399898 (72)* S2 6.5 3.82 -- 3.71 2.4 -- -- 5.03 -- 3 N. intermedius USNM 399898 (72)* S3 6.1 3.71 2.6 3.9 2.74 1.3 -- -- 1.9 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 S1 6.92 6.82 3.3 4.78 -- -- 3.35 4.45 -- 5.67 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 S2 7.17 4.84 -- 4.64 -- -- -- 6.98 -- 4.69 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 S3 6.55 4.88 -- 5.06 2.8 1.75 2.7 -- -- 2.22 a – for vertebrae, “P” of PEW and PED refers to the cranial end of the element, while “D” of DEW and DED refers to the caudal end *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen Table 4.29. Plesiadapid sacrum measurements. Taxon Specimen Le PEW a DEW LML AFL AFW P. cookei UM 87990 32.96 21.7 -- 30.5 21.48 6.5 N. intermedius USNM 399898 (72)* 19.25 11.73 -- -- 9.73 4.04 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 21.87 17.97 -- -- 11.86 4.61 a – for vertebrae, “P” of PEW and PED refers to the superior end of the element, while “D” of DEW and DED refers to the inferior end *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen 423
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436: Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 449: Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiad
Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 485 and 486: Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 497: Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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