Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Table 4.24. Features and measurements of the vertebral column of select mammals. Taxon Specimen DpV AcV T# L# S# Ca# C l Th l L-l S-l Ca-l C%l T%l L%l S%l Ca%l Plesiadapis cookei Ignacius clarksforkensis Tupaia glis Cynocephalus volans Cebuella pygmaea Saguinus mystax Saguinus oedipus Callimico goeldii Saimiri sciureus Eulemur fulvus Galago senegalensis Tarsius philipensis Sciurus niger Spermophilus mexicanus Bison bison Hippopotamus amphibius Petaurus brviceps Trichosurus vulpecula UM 87990 11? 12? 13? 7? 3 >20 43.7 113.9 92.525 31.60 154.72 21 55 45 15 75 UM 82616 ? 11? 12? 7? 3 >20 23.3 58.6 51.3 18.3 92.6 21 53 47 17 84 UMMZ 118389 10 9 13 6 3 24 15.4 43.9 41.5 13.1 56.7 18 51 49 15 66 USNM 56530 9 22 14 8 3-4 18 73.0 118.1 92.4 32.8 158.7 35 56 44 16 75 UMMZ 160146 10 10 12 7 3 21 13.8 28.3 32.9 8.9 65.3 23 46 54 15 107 UMMZ 160148 10 10 12 7 3 28 31.7 62.4 68.1 17.3 112.9 24 48 52 13 87 UMMZ 156437 10 10 12 7 3 32 23.9 62.6 67.5 16.9 117.1 18 48 52 13 90 UMMZ 160149 ? 10 12 8 3 29 28.6 59.9 79.2 16.9 106.1 21 43 57 12 76 UMMZ 122657 11 11 12 7 3 34 29.0 71.8 96.9 25.3 125.7 17 43 57 15 74 UMMZ 160910 10 11 12 7 3 19 46.5 102.5 104.7 31.8 198.1 22 49 51 15 96 UMMZ 113351 11 11 12 6 3 26 23.1 45.5 40.0 14.9 100.5 27 53 47 17 118 UMMZ 95741 10 11 12 7 3 26 17.2 22.8 23.6 9.6 69.1 37 49 51 21 149 UMMZ TC 269 9 9 12 7 3 26 30.3 75.7 73.8 23.8 66.3 20 51 49 16 44 UMR 1716 9 9 11 7 3 22 15.0 37.6 35.7 11.7 35.4 20 51 49 16 48 UMMZ 114227 ? 19 14 5 6 13 453.6 828.2 305 260 313.9 40 73 27 23 28 UMMZ 84041 ? 18 14 4 5 9 631 1056 350.6 235.0 216.2 45 75 25 17 15 UMMZ 160143 10 11 12 7 2 23 15.0 39.1 45.3 9.1 77.9 18 46 54 11 92 UMMZ 157192 10 11 13 6 2 27 52.0 140.9 109.2 26.2 134.7 21 56 44 10 54 Table 4.25. Measurements of plesiadapid atlantes. Taxon Specimen MW a MH CH vCW dCW crIW caIW DL VL TPL P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.41A) 24.5 12.6 7.8 6.03 8.44 17.2 12.38 4.7 4.4 5.4 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (138)* 13.12 6.99 5.65 3.36 5.21 10.22 6.37 2.21 1.38 2.66 N. gidleyi AMNH 17388 -- -- -- -- -- 10.65 7.15 -- 1.83 -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 16.4 8.52 6.13 4.39 6.36 11.55 7.67 2.76 2.08 3.75 a - If one half was broken, the mediolateral width of the intact half was measured and doubled to generate MW *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen 420
Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiadapid cervical vertebrae. Taxon Specimen Pos Le PEW a PED DEW DED CH CW LML SPL TPL P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.41B) C2 11.9 (9.45) 11.16 4.20 7.12 3.62 5.56 5.40 -- 4.92 -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.41C) C3? 6.33 6.74 3.11 7.92 3.75 4.27 5.27 5.05 1.05 5.78 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.41D) C4? 5.92 7.43 2.57 7.99 3.13 -- -- -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.41E) C6 5.66 7.59 2.91 7.57 3.67 4.4 6.54 -- -- -- N. intermedius USNM 442229 (134)* C2 6.7 (5.04) 6.49 2.05 4.66 2.25 3.62 4.32 -- -- 3.29 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (144)* C3? 3.27 3.72 1.7 3.88 1.92 2.85 4.5 -- 0.7 -- N. intermedius USNM 442229 (135)* C6 3.6 3.65 1.69 3.54 1.63 3.06 4.63 1.92 0.8 -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17388 C2 ? (5.39) -- -- 4.30 -- -- -- -- -- -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17388 C3 3.86 -- -- 4.50 -- -- -- -- -- -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17388 C4 3.73 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 7? 5.01 4.19 1.95 4.97 2.58 -- -- -- -- -- a – for vertebrae, “P” of PEW and PED refers to the cranial end of the element, while “D” of DEW and DED refers to the caudal end *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen 421
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436: Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 485 and 486: Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 497: Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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