Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Table 4.20C. Measurements 19-24 of the astragali of select mammals (see Fig. 4.31). Ast-19 – angle between fibular facet and lateral tibial facet, 20 – angle between fibular facet and medial tibial facet, 21 – angle between medial and lateral tibial facets, 22 – angle between ectal (posterior calcaneoastragalar) facet and fibular facet, 23 – angle between ectal (posterior calcaneoastragalar) facet axis and lateral tibial facet axis, 24 – angle between major axis of head and plane of lateral tibial facet. Taxon Specimen Ast-19 Ast-20 Ast-21 Ast-22 Ast-23 Ast-24 P. cookei UM 87990 84 22 115 93 21 14 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 610 77 37 131 92 23 20 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5347 87 53 132 93 21 11 P. tricuspidens MNHN BR 14537 81 40 119 87 17 16 P. tricuspidens MNHN BR-59-L 80 40 130 90 23 -- P. tricuspidens MNHN nn 89 35 116 91 22 21 P. n. sp. L.Q. 1 81 39 121 92 27 13 P. n. sp. L.Q. 2 84 47 125 89 36 11 P. rex UM 94816 92 43 116 93 22 18 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 78 27 112 93 26 17 Pr. gaoi UALVP 49120 91 43 137 97 25 15 G. moholi HTB 747 86 14 78 112 24 -14 L. tardigradus HTB 750 84 14 79 100 41 9 Adapiform Nn 97 31 79 96 22 14 C. volans YPM 963 110 25 95 94 32 19 T. glis SBU coll. 72 6 87 105 18 -9 Deccanolestes VPL/JU/NKIM/79 97 45 97 91 63 5 416
Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and distal end length variable of the calcanea of select memmals (see Fig. 4.34). Cc-01 – maximum proximodistal length, 02 – tuber proximodistal length, 03 – distal calcaneum length, 04 – tuber maximum dorsoplantar depth, 05 – tuber proximal end dorsoplantar height, 06 – tuber proximal end mediolateral width, 07 – ectal facet proximodistal length, 08 – maximum length of arc of ectal facet, 09 – ectal facet mediolateral width, 10 – medial projection of sustentaculum from ectal facet lateral margin, DV – distal end length variable = Cc-03/Cc-01. Taxon Specimen Cc-01 Cc-02 Cc-03 Cc-04 Cc-05 Cc-06 Cc-07 Cc-08 Cc-09 Cc-10 DV P. cookei UM 87990 18.80 11.80 6.50 7.50 6.70 5.50 6.80 7.90 3.31 7.90 0.35 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 611 16.99 10.88 5.68 6.41 5.46 4.55 5.66 7.05 2.91 7.45 0.33 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 414 18.39 12.22 6.10 7.40 6.57 5.20 6.43 7.78 3.25 7.53 0.33 P. churchilli UM nn 12.30 7.94 4.09 4.67 4.39 2.96 4.00 4.93 2.14 5.10 0.33 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 10.43 6.48 3.49 4.10 3.84 2.84 3.20 4.60 1.85 4.53 0.33 L. tardigradus HTB 750 8.62 4.82 3.63 3.64 2.57 1.60 3.57 5.17 1.70 3.54 0.42 C. volans YPM 963 10.37 5.02 5.36 3.71 3.68 2.13 4.37 4.68 2.13 4.53 0.51 T. glis SBU coll. 9.02 5.21 3.67 3.27 2.79 2.14 2.46 3.87 1.57 4.03 0.41 Deccanolestes VPL/JU/IM/38 1.93 1.34 0.70 1.00 0.74 0.55 0.72 1.07 0.62 1.05 0.36 Table 4.21B. Measurements 11-19 of the calcanei of select mammals (see Fig. 4.34). Cc- 11 – proximodistal length from sustentaculum medial apex to distal end, 12 – sustentacular facet proximodistal length, 13 – sustentacular facet mediolateral width, 14 – lateral projection of peroneal tubercle from ectal facet lateral margin, 15 – proximodistal length from peroneal tubercle lateral apex to distal end, 16 – dorsoplantar depth of peroneal tubercle, 17 – diameter of calcaneocuboid facet perpendicular to sustentacular facet, 18 – diameter of calcaneocuboid facet parallel to sustentacular facet, 19 – distance from proximal margin of peroneal tubercle to distal end. Taxon Specimen Cc-11 Cc-12 Cc-13 Cc-14 Cc-15 Cc-16 Cc-17 Cc-18 Cc-19 P. cookei UM 87990 8.75 7.00 3.65 3.34 4.67 2.19 5.14 5.19 7.63 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 611 5.52 5.43 3.11 3.00 4.70 2.11 4.23 4.33 6.36 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 414 6.81 6.43 3.90 3.11 4.20 2.34 4.67 5.26 6.35 P. churchilli UM nn 4.61 4.29 2.67 2.18 3.01 1.79 2.52 3.30 4.25 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 3.60 3.54 2.07 1.37 3.26 1.13 2.03 2.45 3.92 L. tardigradus HTB 750 3.44 3.41 1.66 0.63 4.49 0.67 2.87 2.35 5.87 C. volans YPM 963 3.92 4.22 1.84 1.40 2.28 1.46 2.77 3.25 5.49 T. glis SBU coll. 2.81 2.98 1.36 0.74 3.90 0.53 1.59 1.99 4.88 Deccanolestes VPL/JU/IM/38 0.78 0.45 0.94 0.49 0.36 0.32 0.66 0.63 0.65 417
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394: taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396: dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436: Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 485 and 486: Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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