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Table 4.14. Measurements of plesiadapid intermediate phalanges. Taxon Specimen Atd/Ry Le PEW PED MSW MSD DEW DED BSV HSV SSV P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21A) 1?/? -- 3.65 4.06 1.73 2.93 -- -- 0.11 -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21B) 1?/? 12.05 3.93 4.03 1.70 2.81 3.02 3.27 0.03 -0.08 1.71 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21C) 1?/? -- 3.4 3.43 1.70 2.36 -- -- 0.01 -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21D) 1?/? -- 3.45 3.53 1.69 2.54 -- -- 0.02 -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21E) 2?/? 13.56 3.88 3.95 1.94 2.56 3.1 3.17 0.02 -0.02 1.81 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21F) 2?/? 13.24 3.86 4.16 1.82 2.95 2.89 3.2 0.07 -0.10 1.74 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.21G) 2?/? 13.25 3.85 4.18 1.85 2.83 3.06 3.45 0.08 -0.12 1.76 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5296 2/? 13.88 4.17 3.85 2.10 2.82 2.87 3.49 -0.08 -0.20 1.74 P. tricuspidens MNHN BR nn 2?/? 12.26 3.68 3.30 1.95 2.23 2.50 3.09 -0.11 -0.21 1.77 P. tricuspidens MNHN BR 14536 2?/? 11.04 3.81 3.67 1.89 2.14 2.68 3.03 -0.04 -0.12 1.70 P. tricuspidens MNHN CR nn 2?/? 12.56 3.38 3.62 1.95 2.38 2.47 3.07 0.07 -0.22 1.76 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5363 2/? 12.90 4.08 4.03 2.04 2.84 3.12 3.45 -0.01 -0.10 1.68 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5324 2/? 11.91 3.87 3.89 2.00 2.58 2.72 3.23 0.01 -0.17 1.66 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5341 2/? 11.10 3.70 3.41 1.49 2.08 2.44 3.01 -0.08 -0.21 1.84 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5360 1/? 9.08 3.32 3.10 1.59 1.99 2.18 2.64 -0.07 -0.19 1.63 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5330 2/? 12.28 3.19 3.19 1.79 2.20 2.45 2.72 0.00 -0.10 1.82 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5346 2/? 12.53 3.79 3.83 2.02 2.51 2.62 3.18 0.01 -0.19 1.72 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5342 1/? 9.64 3.14 3.24 1.87 2.32 2.41 2.85 0.03 -0.17 1.53 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5369 1/? 9.50 3.33 3.21 1.92 2.21 2.40 2.75 -0.04 -0.14 1.53 P. tricuspidens Pellouin Coll. nn 1?/? 9.29 3.34 3.26 1.76 1.97 2.51 2.89 -0.03 -0.14 1.61 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 12.39 3.67 3.9 1.72 2.54 nm nm 0.06 nm 1.78 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 11.59 3.65 4.14 2.05 2.78 nm nm 0.13 nm 1.58 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 11.42 3.29 3.85 1.88 2.47 nm nm 0.16 nm 1.67 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 12.07 3.08 3.59 1.8 2.55 nm nm 0.15 nm 1.73 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 11.37 3.46 3.89 2.1 2.68 nm nm 0.12 nm 1.57 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 11.04 3.68 3.88 1.92 2.7 nm nm 0.05 nm 1.58 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 12.19 3.38 4 2.28 2.84 nm nm 0.17 nm 1.57 P. n. sp. MNHN nn ?/? 11.46 3.91 4.25 2.32 2.98 nm nm 0.08 nm 1.47 cf P. churchilli SMM P77.33.517 1?/? 8.40 2.48 2.15 1.27 1.31 1.70 1.87 -0.14 -0.10 1.87 P. insignis MNHN Menat specimen 1/4 7.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P. insignis MNHN Menat specimen 1/5 5.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N. intermedius USNM 442229 (142)* 1/? 6.56 2.18 1.92 1.08 1.31 1.46 1.54 -0.13 -0.06 1.71 N. intermedius USNM 442229 2/? 7.28 2.14 1.76 1.04 1.20 1.31 1.59 -0.19 -0.19 1.88 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (140)* 2/? 6.97 2.14 1.72 0.97 1.18 1.31 1.65 -0.22 -0.23 1.87 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (141)* 2/? 7.02 2.11 1.76 1.04 1.33 1.35 1.71 -0.18 -0.24 1.79 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 1?/? 6.95 2.10 1.73 1.00 1.06 1.43 1.63 -0.20 -0.13 1.91 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 1?/? 7.10 2.28 1.92 0.99 1.14 1.39 1.73 -0.17 -0.22 1.90 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 2?/? 8.27 2.35 2.31 1.06 1.46 1.51 1.74 -0.02 -0.14 1.89 *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen 408
Table 4.15. Measurements of plesiadapid distal phalanges. Taxon Specimen Le DFT PEW PED a ETH FTW FTH MSW MSD CSV P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22A) -- 4.81 3.11 3.5 0.8 2.32 2.55 1.31 3.93 1.10 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22B) ~12 -- -- 3.94 0.83 -- -- 1.65 4.47 1.00 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22C) -- 4.45 2.91 4.17 0.69 2.22 2.30 1.29 4.14 1.17 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22D) -- 4.84 2.94 3.64 0.92 2.83 2.34 1.39 4.31 1.13 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22E) -- -- -- -- 1.03 -- -- 1.62 ~4.5 1.02 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22F) 12.50 4.82 3.02 3.76 0.74 1.85 2.79 1.54 4.66 1.11 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22G) 13.81 4.85 3.25 3.95 0.74 2.28 2.60 1.59 4.50 1.04 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22H) -- 4.78 3.09 3.77 0.79 2.27 2.98 1.68 4.47 0.98 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22I) -- 4.76 2.91 -- -- 2.15 ~2.4 -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.22J) -- 4.77 3.14 3.96 1.11 2.28 2.73 -- -- -- P. tricuspidens Berru, Divers (A) -- 5.07 2.81 3.64 0.85 1.89 3.18 1.55 4.48 1.06 P. tricuspidens Berru, Divers (B) -- -- 2.27 -- -- 1.74 -- -- -- -- P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5344 -- 3.05 -- -- 2.57 -- -- -- P. tricuspidens MNHN R 539 -- 6.53 2.84 3.28 0.76 2.01 2.99 1.59 3.77 0.86 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5379 -- -- 1.93 -- -- 1.74 -- -- -- -- P. tricuspidens MNHN R 613 11.95 4.82 3.19 3.87 0.78 2.44 2.94 1.45 3.60 0.91 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 612 -- 4.67 2.76 3.10 0.88 2.46 2.85 1.41 3.85 1.00 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5361 -- 3.53 2.13 3.03 0.66 1.99 2.07 1.09 2.86 0.97 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5309 -- 4.88 3.46 3.87 0.72 2.61 2.36 1.47 3.38 0.83 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5313 -- -- 3.24 -- -- 2.35 -- -- -- -- P. tricuspidens Berru, Pellouin (CM 091) 12.86 4.33 2.94 4.19 0.59 1.83 2.98 1.51 4.29 1.04 P. n. sp. LQ. 1 11.28 4.60 3.08 3.38 0.66 2.82 2.78 1.54 3.48 0.81 P. n. sp. LQ. 2 -- 4.09 2.16 3.46 0.76 1.60 2.18 1.45 4.07 1.03 P. n. sp. LQ. 3 -- 4.27 2.92 3.16 0.81 2.06 3.32 1.45 3.89 0.98 P. n. sp. LQ. 4 10.55 4.08 2.53 3.50 0.64 2.35 2.81 1.49 3.57 0.88 P. n. sp. LQ. 5 9.68 4.06 2.73 3.21 0.57 2.25 2.57 1.29 3.45 0.98 P. n. sp. LQ. 6 -- -- 2.81 -- -- 2.39 -- -- -- -- P. n. sp. LQ. 7 -- 4.09 2.50 3.30 0.32 1.41 2.27 1.53 3.79 0.90 P. n. sp. LQ. 8 -- 4.17 2.14 2.80 0.51 1.79 2.30 1.31 3.37 0.95 P. n. sp. LQ. 9 -- 4.14 2.71 2.86 0.50 2.31 2.46 1.23 3.10 0.92 P. n. sp. LQ. 10 9.66 3.76 2.64 3.18 0.65 2.03 2.52 1.23 3.50 1.05 P. n. sp. LQ. 11 -- 4.47 2.60 3.29 0.58 1.77 2.58 1.37 3.56 0.95 P. n. sp. LQ. 12 -- 4.42 2.26 3.01 0.88 1.87 2.68 1.41 3.78 0.99 P. n. sp. LQ. 13 -- 3.64 2.17 3.23 0.60 1.32 2.43 1.30 3.38 0.96 cf. P. churchilli SMM P77.33.517 (A) -- -- 1.84 -- -- 1.48 -- -- -- -- cf. P. churchilli SMM P77.33.517 (B) -- 3.02 1.91 2.03 0.67 1.57 1.28 0.96 2.54 0.98 cf. P. churchilli SMM P77.33.517 (C) -- 2.95 1.85 2.21 0.49 1.45 1.45 1.08 2.40 0.80 cf. P. churchilli SMM P77.33.517 (D) 7.06 2.91 2.05 2.15 0.55 1.42 1.43 1.10 2.28 0.73 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (142)* 5.22 2.30 1.39 1.67 0.36 0.95 1.23 0.66 1.76 0.99 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (assoc2)* 5.41 1.77 1.35 1.78 0.41 0.97 0.96 0.71 1.88 0.98 N. intermedius USNM-442229 (141)* 4.53 2.02 1.43 1.61 0.39 0.93 1.19 0.69 1.80 0.96 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (A)* -- 2.16 1.47 1.79 0.35 1.09 1.01 0.65 2.01 1.13 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (C)* -- 2.18 1.39 1.71 0.47 1.28 1.20 0.74 1.90 0.95 Pr. gaoi UALVP 49110 ~6.7 2.80 1.52 1.99 0.31 1.30 1.21 0.89 2.16 0.89 a – only includes articular area *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen 409
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386: medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388: Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390: measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392: transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394: taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396: dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433 and 434: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435: Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 449 and 450: Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiad
Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 485 and 486: Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.19. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
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MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
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Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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