Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Table 4.11. Shape variables of plesiadapid metacarpals. Taxon Specimen Bone V-Le a V-PEW V-PED V-MSW V-MSD V-DEW V-DED P. cookei UM 87990 set 1 L MC I 1.154 0.289 -0.149 -0.364 -0.692 -0.056 -0.181 N. intermedius USNM 442229 R MC I 1.219 0.258 -0.198 -0.435 -0.644 -0.064 -0.137 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 L MC I 1.161 0.288 -0.322 -0.342 -0.697 -0.017 -0.070 P. cookei UM 87990 set 1 L MC II 1.472 -0.368 0.025 -0.445 -0.573 -0.001 -0.109 P. cookei UM 87990 set 2 L MC II 1.488 -0.387 -0.016 -0.458 -0.618 0.007 -0.016 P. cookei UM 87990 set 1 R MC III 1.611 -0.287 0.001 -0.597 -0.597 0.001 -0.132 P. cookei UM 87990 set 2 L MC III 1.713 -0.437 0.051 -0.598 -0.689 0.004 -0.044 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 L MC III 1.774 -0.236 -0.081 -0.590 -0.692 0.049 -0.224 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5295 R MC III 1.622 -0.434 -0.017 -0.511 -0.595 0.054 -0.119 P. cookei UM 87990 set 2 R MC IV 1.703 -0.336 0.015 -0.592 -0.725 -0.008 -0.056 P. cookei UM 87990 set 2 L MC IV 1.723 -0.344 -0.007 -0.609 -0.700 -0.007 -0.056 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5364 R MC IV 1.731 -0.313 -0.141 -0.483 -0.600 0.028 -0.223 P. cookei UM 87990 set 1 R MC V 1.442 -0.124 -0.219 -0.442 -0.576 0.043 -0.124 P. cookei UM 87990 set 2 R MC V 1.551 -0.134 -0.165 -0.740 -0.495 0.058 -0.075 N. intermedius USNM 442229 L MC V 1.522 -0.004 -0.126 -0.651 -0.713 0.052 -0.080 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5305 R MC V 1.400 -0.124 -0.254 -0.443 -0.625 0.140 -0.094 P. tricuspidens MNHN R 5373 L MC V 1.359 -0.012 -0.212 -0.417 -0.618 0.075 -0.176 P. tricuspidens NMHN nn L MC V 1.463 -0.034 -0.193 -0.516 -0.670 0.077 -0.127 a-natural log ratios of each variable from Table 4.10 (the name of which is given in the suffix the new variable name) to the geometric means from 4.10. For example V-Le = Ln(Le/GM) Table 4.12. Comparisons of plesiadapid metacarpal-carpal articular areas. Ry Set 1 area Set 2 area Carpal area MC II 7.70 9.50 8.20 a MC III 7.10 8.50 ~6 b MC IV 6.80 8.50 10.72 c MC V 6.00 7.50 a – trapezoid distal facet area b – reconstructed capitate distal facet area c – hamate distal facet area. 406
Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiadapid proximal phalanges. Taxon Specimen Atd/Ry Le PEW PED MSW MSD DEW DED BSV HSV SSV P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19A) 2/1 -- -- 4.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19B) 2/1 -- 4.20 4.16 -- -- -- -- -0.01 -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19C) 2?/? -- -- 4.23 -- 2.80 -- -- -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19D) 2?/? -- 4.69 3.90 2.17 2.85 -- -- -0.18 -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19E) 1?/? -- -- -- -- -- 3.36 2.37 -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19F) 2?/? -- -- -- -- -- 3.15 2.72 -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.19G) 2?/? -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.81 -- -- -- P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.20A) 1?/? 12.76 4.09 3.24 2.26 2.31 3.21 2.41 -0.23 0.29 1.72 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.20B) 1?/? 15.52 4.54 3.47 2.22 2.58 3.65 2.53 -0.27 0.37 1.87 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.20C) 2?/? 15.23 4.52 4.11 2.33 2.87 3.47 2.84 -0.09 0.20 1.77 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.20D) 2?/? 17.28 4.67 3.89 2.48 2.78 3.67 2.94 -0.18 0.22 1.88 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.20E) 2?/? 17.28 4.68 3.9 2.37 2.95 3.66 2.97 -0.18 0.21 1.88 P. cookei UM 87990 (Fig. 4.20F) 2?/? 17.67 4.76 4.49 2.47 2.87 3.87 2.76 -0.06 0.34 1.89 ?P .tricuspidens MNHN R 503 2?/? 17.32 4.90 3.68 3.45 2.91 3.61 2.56 -0.29 0.34 1.70 P .tricuspidens MNHN Divers Coll. nn 1?/? 14.25 4.71 3.54 3.27 2.74 3.45 2.71 -0.29 0.24 1.56 P .tricuspidens MNHN R 5303 1/? 14.17 4.57 3.37 2.65 2.25 3.58 2.61 -0.30 0.31 1.76 P .tricuspidens MNHN R 5297 1/? 15.63 4.86 4.18 3.03 2.60 3.67 3.05 -0.15 0.18 1.72 P .tricuspidens MNHN BR 14538 1?/1 12.87 4.40 3.72 2.38 2.58 3.01 2.66 -0.17 0.12 1.65 P .tricuspidens MNHN R 5315 2?/1 12.41 4.81 4.18 2.42 2.58 3.47 3.12 -0.14 0.10 1.60 P .tricuspidens Pell. Coll (CM 091) 2?/? 16.97 4.57 3.51 2.73 2.56 3.31 2.33 -0.26 0.35 1.86 P .tricuspidens Pell. Coll. Nn 1?/? 14.23 4.54 3.73 2.79 2.51 3.23 2.43 -0.19 0.29 1.68 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? 16.05 nm nm 2.75 2.37 3.41 2.48 nm 0.32 1.84 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? -- nm nm 2.88 2.6 3.55 2.68 nm 0.28 -- P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? -- nm nm 2.6 2.55 3.43 2.79 nm 0.21 -- P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? 13.84 nm nm 2.56 2.34 3.16 2.35 nm 0.30 1.73 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? 15.39 nm nm 2.53 2.22 3.22 2.42 nm 0.29 1.87 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? 14.07 nm nm 2.58 2.2 2.84 2.04 nm 0.33 1.78 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? 14.71 nm nm 2.36 1.98 3.14 2.23 nm 0.34 1.92 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/? 14.69 nm nm 2.07 1.73 2.67 2.03 nm 0.27 2.05 P. n. sp. NMHN nn ?/1 12.53 nm nm 4.49 3.43 1.96 2.42 nm -0.21 1.16 P.insignis MNHN Menat specimen 1/3 8.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.insignis MNHN Menat specimen 1/5 7.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.insignis MNHN Menat specimen 2/3 9.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.insignis MNHN Menat specimen 2/4 9.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- P.insignis MNHN Menat specimen 2/5 9.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N. intermedius USNM 442229 (143a)* 1?/? 7.76 2.43 1.96 1.38 1.22 1.95 1.19 -0.21 0.49 1.79 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (143b)* 2?/? 8.21 2.43 1.96 1.30 1.29 1.88 1.20 -0.21 0.45 1.85 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (143c)* 2?/? 8.73 2.40 1.81 1.30 1.20 1.83 1.26 -0.29 0.37 1.95 N. intermedius USNM 442229 (143d)* 2?/1 6.79 2.38 -- 1.40 1.46 1.74 1.43 -- 0.20 1.56 N. intermedius USNM 442229a 2?/1 6.79 2.47 2.20 1.47 1.33 1.92 1.32 -0.11 0.37 1.58 N. intermedius USNM 442229b 2?/? 9.21 2.58 2.16 1.43 1.38 1.87 1.18 -0.18 0.46 1.88 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 1/? 9.20 2.46 2.13 1.48 1.36 1.82 1.34 -0.15 0.30 1.87 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 1?/? 8.56 2.68 2.06 1.56 1.33 2.08 1.39 -0.27 0.41 1.78 N. gidleyi AMNH 17379 ?/1 6.24 2.04 1.63 0.98 1.12 1.53 1.31 -0.22 0.16 1.79 *numbers in parentheses following USNM 442229 correspond to unique identifiers of the particular element (i.e., unofficial “sub-specimen” numbers) assigned by P. Houde during preparation of the specimen 407
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
Page 3 and 4:
Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10:
Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 263 and 264:
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
Page 285 and 286:
illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290:
discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
Page 297 and 298:
5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
Page 305 and 306:
for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
Page 315 and 316:
Humerus Description.—The right an
Page 317 and 318:
epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 321 and 322:
tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
Page 331 and 332:
matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336:
Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
Page 345 and 346:
etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348:
have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350:
difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
Page 363 and 364:
The anteromedial side of the tibial
Page 365 and 366:
fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
Page 369 and 370:
could even be described as having t
Page 371 and 372:
Function.—The functional features
Page 373 and 374:
flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
Page 375 and 376:
tubercle, which is centrally locate
Page 377 and 378:
Cuboid Description.—The right cub
Page 379 and 380:
Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381 and 382:
Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
Page 383 and 384: articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386: medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388: Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390: measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392: transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394: taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396: dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
Page 433: Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 437 and 438: Table 4.15. Measurements of plesiad
Page 439 and 440: Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
Page 441 and 442: Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
Page 443 and 444: Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
Page 445 and 446: Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
Page 447 and 448: Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 455 and 456: Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458: Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460: Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462: Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464: Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 467 and 468: Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
Page 469 and 470: Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 475 and 476: Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 481 and 482: Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 487 and 488:
Figure 4.19. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction
Page 497:
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
Page 502 and 503:
Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
Page 504 and 505:
Figure 4.33 476
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
Page 520 and 521:
Figure 4.47 492
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Figure 4.50. 496
Page 526 and 527:
Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
Page 530 and 531:
have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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