01.09.2014
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REFERENCES Alexander, R.M., Jayes, A.S., Maloiy, G.M.O., Wathuta, E.M., 1979. Allometry of limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta). Journal of Zoology, London 189, 305-314. Argot, C., 2002. Functional-adaptive analysis of the hindlimb anatomy of extant marsupials and the paleobiology of the Paleocene marsupials Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus. Journal of Morphology 253, 76-108. Beard, K.C., 1989. Postcranial anatomy, locomotor adaptations, and palaeoecology of Early Cenozoic Plesiadapidae, Paromomyidae, and Micromomyidae (Eutheria, Dermoptera). Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University. Beard, K.C., 1990. Gliding behavior and paleoecology of the alleged primate family Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Dermoptera). Nature 345, 340-341. Beard, K.C., 1993a. Phylogenetic systematics of the Primatomorpha, with special reference to Dermoptera. In: Szalay, F.S., McKenna, M.C., Novacek, M.J. (eds) Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 129-150. Beard, K.C., 1993b. Origin and evolution of gliding in Early Cenozoic Dermoptera (Mammalia, Primatopmorpha). In: MacPhee, R.D.E. (ed) Primates and Their Relatives in Phylogenetic Perspective. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 63-90. Bloch, J.I., Boyer , D.M., 2001. Taphonomy of small mammals in freshwater limestones from the Paleocene of the Clarks Fork Basin. In: Gingerich, P.D. (ed) Paleocene- Eocene stratigraphy and biotic change in the Bighorn and Clarks Fork basins, Wyoming, University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology, pp. 185-198. Bloch, J.I., Boyer , D.M., 2002. Grasping primate origins. Science 298, 1606-1610. Bloch, J.I., Boyer , D.M., 2007. New skeletons of Paleocene-Eocene Plesiadapiformes: a diversity of arboreal positional behaviors in early primates. In: Dagosto, M., Ravosa, M.J. (eds) Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 535-582. Bloch, J.I., Silcox, M.T., Boyer , D.M., Sargis, E.J., 2007. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 1159-1164. Boyer , D.M., Patel, B.A., Larson, S.G., Stern, J.T.J., 2007. Telemetered electromyography of peroneus longus in Varecia variegata and Eulemur 392
ubriventer: implications for the functional significance of a large peroneal process. Journal of Human Evolution 53, 119-134. Boyer , D.M., Bloch, J.I., 2008. Evaluating the mitten-gliding hypothesis for Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, "Plesiadapiformes") using comparative functional morphology of new Paleogene skeletons. In: Sargis, E.J., Dagosto, M. (eds) Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay. Kluwer, New York, pp. 233-284. Evans, H.E., 1993. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Fleagle, J.G., Anapol, F.C., 1992. The indriid ischium and the hominid hip. Journal of Human Evolution 22, 285-305. Gambaryan, P.P., 1974. How Mammals Run. Wiley, New York. George, R.M., 1977. The limb musculature of the Tupaiidae. Primates 18, 1-34. Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération de quelques ossements d'animaux vertébrés, recueillis aux environs de Reims par M. Lemoine. Journal de Zoologie 6, 74-79. Gingerich, P.D., 1976. Cranial anatomy and evolution of Early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates). University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 15, 1-141. Gingerich, P.D., 1990. Prediction of body mass in mammalian species from long bone lengths and diameters. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 28, 79- 92. Gingerich, P.D., 2000. Arithmetic or geometric normality of biological variation: an empirical test of theory. Journal of Theoretical Biology 204, 201-221. Gingerich, P.D., Gunnell, G.F., 1992. A new skeleton of Plesiadapis cookei. The Display Case University of Michigan 6, 1, 3. Gingerich, P.D., Gunnell, G.F., 2005. Brain of Plesiadapis cookei (Mammalia, Proprimates): surface morphology and encephalization compared to those of Primates and Dermoptera. University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology Contributions 31, 185-195. Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fossil primate hands: a review and an evolutionary inquiry emphasizing early forms. Human Evolution 6, 307-354. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 393
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.2. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.3. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.4. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.5. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.6. UALVP 49105 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.7. UALVP 46687 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.11. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.13. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.20. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.23. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.24. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.27. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.28. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.29. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.31. MNHN CR 126, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.4. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.5. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.6. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.10. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.15. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.26. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.28. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.32. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.8. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.9. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.12. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.13. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 483 and 484:
Figure 4.15. Surface reconstruction
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 487 and 488:
Figure 4.19. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.21. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.23. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.24. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.25. Surface reconstruction
Page 497:
Figure 4.27. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
Page 502 and 503:
Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
Page 504 and 505:
Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
Figure 4.36. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.38. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.42. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.44. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.48. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Figure 4.51. Surface reconstruction
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
ubriventer: implications for the functional significance of a large peroneal<br />
process. Journal of Human Evolution 53, 119-134.<br />
<strong>Boyer</strong>, D.M., Bloch, J.I., 2008. Evaluating the mitten-gliding hypothesis for<br />
Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, "Plesiadapiformes") using<br />
comparative functional morphology of new Paleogene skeletons. In: Sargis, E.J.,<br />
Dagosto, M. (eds) Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick<br />
S. Szalay. Kluwer, New York, pp. 233-284.<br />
Evans, H.E., 1993. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.<br />
Fleagle, J.G., Anapol, F.C., 1992. The indriid ischium and the hominid hip. Journal of<br />
Human Evolution 22, 285-305.<br />
Gambaryan, P.P., 1974. How Mammals Run. Wiley, New York.<br />
George, R.M., 1977. The limb musculature of the Tupaiidae. Primates 18, 1-34.<br />
Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération de quelques ossements d'animaux vertébrés, recueillis<br />
aux environs de Reims par M. Lemoine. Journal de Zoologie 6, 74-79.<br />
Gingerich, P.D., 1976. Cranial anatomy and evolution of Early Tertiary Plesiadapidae<br />
(Mammalia, Primates). University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 15, 1-141.<br />
Gingerich, P.D., 1990. Prediction of body mass in mammalian species from long bone<br />
lengths and diameters. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 28, 79-<br />
92.<br />
Gingerich, P.D., 2000. Arithmetic or geometric normality of biological variation: an<br />
empirical test of theory. Journal of Theoretical Biology 204, 201-221.<br />
Gingerich, P.D., Gunnell, G.F., 1992. A new skeleton of Plesiadapis cookei. The Display<br />
Case University of Michigan 6, 1, 3.<br />
Gingerich, P.D., Gunnell, G.F., 2005. Brain of Plesiadapis cookei (Mammalia,<br />
Proprimates): surface morphology and encephalization compared to those of<br />
Primates and Dermoptera. University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology<br />
Contributions 31, 185-195.<br />
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fossil primate hands: a review and an evolutionary<br />
inquiry emphasizing early forms. Human Evolution 6, 307-354.<br />
Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge<br />
University Press, Cambridge.<br />
393
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