Boyer diss 2009 1046..

measurements, see caption of Fig. 4.46 for a specific listing). The next analysis (Fig.
4.46C) uses a subsample of 14 of these measurements (see caption of Fig. 4.46 for a
specific listing), allowing inclusion of N. intermedius (USNM 442229) elements. The
final analysis (Fig. 4.46D) uses a different subset of 14 of the 31 measurements from
Figure 4.46B (see caption of Fig. 4.46 for a specific listing), allowing the inclusion of N.
gidleyi (AMNH 17379) elements. In the first three analyses (Fig. 4.46A-C), a fairly
consistent pattern results, despite different variable sets: euprimates of the sample are
fairly similar to each other, with Tarsius forming an outlier. Plesiadapids and
plesiadapiforms are similar to each other, and typically plot just outside of the euprimate
distribution, closer to the phalangerid opposum Trichosurus and the two rodents of the
sample. Generally, the first coordinate seems to be driven by measurements relating to
tail length, while the second appears to relate to neck length. Thus, with a relatively long
neck and short tail, Cynocephalus is in its own region of each morphospace. Figure
4.46D only includes one measurement reflecting tail length (length of Ca1). This does not
appear to be enough information to capture the informative aspects of variance in tail
length of the sample. Thus the distribution here is quite different. Still, it shows
plesiadapids to be closer in form to various euprimates, rodents and oppossums than to
Cynocephalus or Tupaia.
Atlas
Description.—The atlas is well preserved (Fig. 4.41). The right transverse process
is broken lateral to the canal for the vertebral artery. The posterior arch is craniocaudally
shortest at the midline and becomes longer, or more expanded, laterally; however, its
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