Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Hallucal metatarsal function.—The large size of the medial side proximal tubercle, relative to the lateral side peroneal tubercle, may indicate the presence of a large tibialis anterior tendon, a dorsiflexor and invertor of the foot. The strong groove on the medial side of the shaft may have received fibers of an opponens hallucis muscle (Straus, 1930; George, 1977). The saddle-shaped facet for the entocuneiform, the lateral torsion of the distal end relative to the proximal end, and the evidence for the presence of a muscle that could pull the hallux more fully into opposition are consistent with previous interpretations that the hallux was specialized for grasping in a way essentially similar to that of euprimates and the treeshrew Ptilocercus (Szalay and Dagosto, 1988; Sargis et al., 2007). Metatarsal II description.—There are two bones that appear to represent MT II (Figs. 4.38B-C, 4.39; Table 4.23): a right element that preserves everything but the proximal end and a left element that is only the proximal end. It is not certain that these both represent the same taxon, however no information contradicts this possibility and they are treated as belonging to P. cookei. Some of the justification for identifying this bone as MT II, specifically, must be done in a comparative context that considers all preserved metatarsals together. The results of these analyses are presented below. As for MC II, the lateral margin of the proximal articular surface (for the mesocuneiform) projects slightly farther proximally than the medial aspect. This proximal facet is slightly convex, but basically flat, and articulates well with the mesocuneiform. The medial side of the proximal end has two facets: a dorsally located one and a ventral one. The dorsal facet faces dorsomedially, and the ventral one faces ventromedially. Taken as a whole, these two facets form a convex surface for 354
articulation with the entocuneiform. The lateral side has a flat, parasagittally oriented articular surface, which additionally faces slightly distally. The borders of facets here are not distinctly delimited. However, this surface would have contacted the distal end of the medial aspect of the ectocuneiform proximally, and the medial side of MT III distally. The shaft of MT II shaft becomes progressively mediolaterally wider from its proximal end to its distal end. The distal end is bowed away from the more lateral digits and toward MT I. The distal articular surface is similar to those of the metacarpals. It differs in being larger and in having a smaller dorsoplantar depth for its mediolateral breadth (a lower HSV). The head is asymmetrical, with a more gradually sloping medial aspect to the distal profile (as for MC II and III). Although it is fragmentary, enough is preserved to determine that it would have been longer than any of the metacarpals of set 1, and about the same length as the “set 2” MC III and IV. Metatarsal III description.—MT III is represented by the complete right side element and by the proximal half of the left side element. It is quite different from MT II in that it is longer and more gracile, its proximal end is more asymmetrical, and its distal end is narrower (Figs. 4.38D, 4.39; Table 4.23). The lateral side of the proximal articular surface of MT III (for the ectocuneiform) projects farther proximally than the medial side. The articular surfaces on the medial and lateral aspects of the proximal end of the bone have nonarticular gaps that separate each side into dorsal and ventral articular regions. These nonarticular “gaps” appear as notches on the lateral and medial sides of the bone in proximal view. The medial side of the proximal articular surface has a dorsally positioned, distal extension onto the medial side of the shaft, representing a point of articulation with MT II. The medial side of the proximal end also has a ventrally 355
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
Page 331 and 332: matches the opposing facet on the t
Page 333 and 334: mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336: Function.—The three proximal carp
Page 337 and 338: the bone presently being described:
Page 339 and 340: the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
Page 341 and 342: differs from MC II and III in havin
Page 343 and 344: even more pronounced. The distal en
Page 345 and 346: etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348: have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350: difference makes them more like kno
Page 351 and 352: antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 353 and 354: foramina, and faces slightly proxim
Page 355 and 356: spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358: the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360: The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
Page 361 and 362: lacking a lateral extension of its
Page 363 and 364: The anteromedial side of the tibial
Page 365 and 366: fibular notch and the strong crest
Page 367 and 368: to the peroneal surface. The perone
Page 369 and 370: could even be described as having t
Page 371 and 372: Function.—The functional features
Page 373 and 374: flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
Page 375 and 376: tubercle, which is centrally locate
Page 377 and 378: Cuboid Description.—The right cub
Page 379 and 380: Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381: Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
Page 385 and 386: medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388: Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390: measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392: transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394: taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396: dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
Page 429 and 430: Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
Page 431 and 432: Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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