Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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which abuts the ectocuneiform, is notched. The medial two-thirds of the distal surface itself is shallowly dorsoventrally concave, for MT IV; the lateral third, where MT V fits, is shallowly convex. Function.—The orientation of the proximal and distal facets indicate habitual abduction of the foot with respect to the proximal tarsus: the cuboid facet on the calcaneum is medially rotated by ~15°, but subtracting the ~60° angle between the proximal and distal cuboid facets reveals that the metatarsal facet would have faced 45° laterally with respect to the axis of the calcanaeum. Manipulation of the articulated calcaneum and cuboid reveal that they do not rotate very extensively, contrary to Szalay and Decker (1974) and Beard’s (1989) description of the nature of movements at this joint in other plesiadapids and plesiadapiforms. There is much more mobility in abduction and adduction of the cuboid on the calcaneum, thereby reducing or increasing the 45° of abduction that occurs in the closest packed position. It is interesting to note that, in an inverted foot position, mobility in abduction-adduction of the foot translates to plantarflexion-dorsiflexion relative to the more proximal limb elements (e.g., tibia proximodistal axis). Comparison.—Compared to other plesiadapids, P .cookei differs in having a proportionally broader peroneus longus groove (PgV: Table 4.22). This supports functional inferences regarding morphological differences between the upper ankle bones of P. cookei and other plesiadapids (see above). That is, a larger peroneous longus tendon groove may equate to more forceful control over eversion of the foot. 350
Ectocuneiform Description.—A left ectocuneiform is preserved (Figs. 4.36B, 4.37). No other plesiadapids have an ectocuneiform preserved; thus it cannot be confirmed with comparative information that this bone is correctly identified as belonging to P. cookei. However, it seems to fit with the cuboid, which clearly belongs to P. cookei based on comparative information (see above). Furthermore, it is quite similar to the ectocuneiform of another plesiadapiform, Ignacius clarkforkensis (<strong>Boyer</strong> and Bloch, 2008). Thus, it is tentatively attributed to P. cookei. It is square in lateral or medial view and mediolaterally narrow (2.9 mm) compared to its dorsoplantar (4.8 mm) and proximodistal (4.7 mm) dimensions. It is dorsoventrally wedged, with it dorsal surface mediolateraly wider than its ventral surface. Its proximal surface is concave and slopes medially relative to its proximodistal axis, while its distal surface is slightly concave and faces directly distal. The proximal surface is notched on its medial side, while the distal surface has a shallow notch on its lateral side. The dorsal surface is smooth and non-articular. The plantar surface is notched for the continued course of the peroneus longus tendon. The dorsolateral corner of the proximal end has a proximolaterally facing surface that would have contacted the distal tip of the anterodistomedially-facing surface of the medial side of the cuboid. The plantoproximal corner of the lateral side has a tiny facet that would have contacted a corresponding facet on the cuboid (Fig. 4.37). Distal to these two points for the cuboid is a concave articular area that seems to fit the distal region of the medial articular surface of the cuboid. However, in order to approximate these facets, the distal metatarsal surface of the ectocuneiform must be inset proximally to the metatarsal facet of the 351
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
Page 327 and 328: of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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Page 331 and 332: matches the opposing facet on the t
Page 333 and 334: mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336: Function.—The three proximal carp
Page 337 and 338: the bone presently being described:
Page 339 and 340: the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
Page 341 and 342: differs from MC II and III in havin
Page 343 and 344: even more pronounced. The distal en
Page 345 and 346: etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348: have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350: difference makes them more like kno
Page 351 and 352: antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 353 and 354: foramina, and faces slightly proxim
Page 355 and 356: spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358: the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360: The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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Page 363 and 364: The anteromedial side of the tibial
Page 365 and 366: fibular notch and the strong crest
Page 367 and 368: to the peroneal surface. The perone
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Page 371 and 372: Function.—The functional features
Page 373 and 374: flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
Page 375 and 376: tubercle, which is centrally locate
Page 377: Cuboid Description.—The right cub
Page 381 and 382: Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
Page 383 and 384: articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386: medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388: Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390: measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392: transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394: taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396: dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
Page 403 and 404: preserved. The ribs are slender and
Page 405 and 406: Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
Page 407 and 408: third metacarpal, similar to arbore
Page 409 and 410: autapomorphy, because it appears th
Page 411 and 412: Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
Page 413 and 414: Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416: are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418: differences generated from informat
Page 419 and 420: Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
Page 421 and 422: ubriventer: implications for the fu
Page 423 and 424: Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
Page 425 and 426: Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
Page 427 and 428: Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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