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chapter text. Some redundancy has been avoided between chapters by referring certain discussions or explanations to the earlier chapters in which they were already covered. For instance, the Anatomical Terminology section of Chapter 3 simply refers the reader to that of Chapter 2. REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1990. Gliding behavior and paleoecology of the alleged primate family Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Dermoptera). Nature 345, 340-341. Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M., 2002. Grasping primate origins. Science 298, 1606-1610. Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M., 2003. Response to comment on "Grasping Primate Origins". Science 300, 741c. Bloch, J.I., Silcox, M.T., 2006. Cranial anatomy of the Paleocene plesiadapiform Carpolestes simpsoni (Mammalia, Primates) using ultra high-resolution X-ray computed tomography, and the relationships of plesiadapiforms to Euprimates. Journal of Human Evolution 50, 1-35. Bloch, J.I., Silcox, M.T., Boyer, D.M., Sargis, E.J., 2007. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 1159-1164. Cartmill, M., 1972. Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the order Primates. In: Tuttle, R. (ed) The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates. Aldine, Chicago, pp. 97-122. Cartmill, M., 1992. New views on primate origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 1, 105- 111. Fox, R.C., 1990. Pronothodectes gaoi n. sp. from the late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, and the early evolution of the Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates). Journal of Paleontology 64, 637-647. Fox, R.C., 1991. Systematic position of Pronothodectes gaoi Fox from the Paleocene of Alberta: reply. Journal of Paleontology 65, 700-701. Fu, J.-F., Wang, J.-W., Tong, Y.-S., 2002. The new discovery of the Plesiadapiformes from the early Eocene of Wutu Basin, Shandong Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 40, 219-227. 8
Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération de quelques ossements d'animaux vertébrés, recueillis aux environs de Reims par M. Lemoine. Journal de Zoologie 6, 74-79. Gingerich, P.D., 1971. Cranium of Plesiadapis. Nature 232, 566-&. Gingerich, P.D., 1973. First record of the Paleocene primate Chiromyoides from North America. Nature 244, 517-518. Gingerich, P.D., 1975a. Systematic position of Plesiadapis. Nature 253, 111-113. Gingerich, P.D., 1975b. New North American Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates) and a biostratigraphic zonation of the middle and upper Paleocene. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 24, 135-148. Gingerich, P.D., 1976. Cranial anatomy and evolution of Early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates). University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 15, 1-141. Gingerich, P.D., 1991. Systematic position of Pronothodectes gaoi Fox from the Paleocene of Alberta. Journal of Paleontology 65, 699. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hoffstetter, R., 1977. Phylogénie des primates. Confrontation des resultats obtenus par les diverses voies d'approche du probleme. Bulletins and Mémoires Société d'Anthropologie de Paris t.4, série XIII, 327-346. Hooker, J.J., 1994. A new species of Platychoerops (Plesiadapiformes, Mammalia) from the latest Palaeocene of the Paris, London and Belgian basins. Geobios 27, 343- 352. Jepsen, G.L., 1930. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Paleocene of northeastern Park County, Wyoming. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 69, 463- 528. Kay, R.F., Thewissen, J.G.M., Yoder, A.D., 1992. Cranial anatomy of Ignacius graybullianus and the affinities of the Plesiadapiformes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89, 477-498. Kirk, E.C., Cartmill, M., Kay, R.F., Lemelin, P., 2003. Comment on "Grasping primate origins". Science 300, 741. Lofgren, D.L., Lillegraven, J.A., Clemens, W.A., Gingerich, P.D., Williamson, T.E., 2004. Paleocene biochronology: the Puercan through Clarkforkian land mammal ages. In: Woodburne, M.O. (ed) Cenozoic Mammals of North America: 9
Page 1 and 2: NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
Page 3 and 4: Stony Brook University The Graduate
Page 5 and 6: postcranial anatomy more accurately
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 19 and 20: Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
Page 25 and 26: Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
Page 27 and 28: Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
Page 31 and 32: primates, sharing many dental featu
Page 33 and 34: were acquired. Specifically, the
Page 35: of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
Page 39 and 40: Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
Page 43 and 44: Information on the cranium of basal
Page 45 and 46: petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
Page 47 and 48: History of descriptive study of ple
Page 49 and 50: Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
Page 51 and 52: 9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
Page 53 and 54: portion of the bulla medial to the
Page 55 and 56: Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
Page 57 and 58: MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
Page 59 and 60: whitening, dark and light areas on
Page 61 and 62: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 63 and 64: efore meeting a large, anteroposter
Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
Page 87 and 88:
Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 211 and 212:
Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
Page 233 and 234:
DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242:
TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
Page 245 and 246:
Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
Page 247 and 248:
Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277 and 278:
HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
Page 281 and 282:
Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284:
History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290:
discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
Page 293 and 294:
that it may not even be an archonta
Page 295 and 296:
unstudied material. Specifically, h
Page 297 and 298:
5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
Page 299 and 300:
Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
Page 309 and 310:
Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
Page 313 and 314:
clavicle reflects some basic aspect
Page 315 and 316:
Humerus Description.—The right an
Page 317 and 318:
epicondyle actually projects somewh
Page 319 and 320:
cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 321 and 322:
tuberosity. This crest probably del
Page 323 and 324:
olecranon process to estimate its t
Page 325 and 326:
distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
Page 331 and 332:
matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336:
Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
Page 341 and 342:
differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348:
have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350:
difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 353 and 354:
foramina, and faces slightly proxim
Page 355 and 356:
spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358:
the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360:
The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
Page 361 and 362:
lacking a lateral extension of its
Page 363 and 364:
The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
Page 369 and 370:
could even be described as having t
Page 371 and 372:
Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
Page 375 and 376:
tubercle, which is centrally locate
Page 377 and 378:
Cuboid Description.—The right cub
Page 379 and 380:
Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381 and 382:
Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386:
medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388:
Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390:
measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392:
transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394:
taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396:
dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402:
identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
Page 415 and 416:
are consistent with more frequent u
Page 417 and 418:
differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Page 439 and 440:
Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
Page 459 and 460:
Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462:
Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
Page 463 and 464:
Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
Page 502 and 503:
Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Page 524 and 525:
Figure 4.50. 496
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Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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