Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Distal phalanges Description.—There are ten distal phalanges preserved, only three of which are virtually complete (Fig. 4.22, Table 4.15). These elements are all quite similar to each other. There is no morphological basis to sort manual and pedal claws. There are, however, two phalanges in the sample (Fig. 4.22A, D) that appear similar to one another and different from the others. They have a mediolaterally wider flexor tubercle that also has two processes that project proximally from the lateral aspects of its proximal margin. If there is any significance to this distinctive morphology, it may be that these two phalanges represent first digits. The distal phalanges can be described as relatively large, “hook-like” claws with narrow shafts and pronounced flexor tubercles. More specifically, the proximal articular surface is much taller dorsoventrally than it is mediolaterally wide. It is marked by a central ridge, which meets the central grooves of the corresponding distal facet on the intermediate phalanges. Dorsal to the proximal articular surface is a vertically expanded area for insertion of the extensor tendon (the extensor tubercle). Ventral to the proximal articular surface is another larger vertically expanded area, possibly for contact with a distal sesamoid. Distal to this, on the ventral surface of the claw, are two nutrient foramina – spaced side by side with a thin rod of bone separating them. Distal to these foramina is the flexor tubercle. The flexor tubercle is usually slightly longer proximodistally than mediolaterally wide. Its mediolateral width is typically greater than that of the claw shaft to which it attaches. The ventral surface of the flexor tubercle is typically separated proximodistally into three regions. The most proximal part is flat to slightly convex, is continuous with the rod-like bony process separating the nutrient 324
foramina, and faces slightly proximally. The middle part of the flexor tubercle can be further subdivided into right and left pits. These pits are ventrally facing, to slightly proximally facing. They presumably represent the actual attachment points for the flexor digitorum longus tendon. Finally, the third, distal part of the flexor tubercle is strongly convex. The proximal end of the third part faces ventrally while the distal part faces distally. Distal to the flexor tubercle the ventral margin of the claw shaft first arches dorsally and then arches strongly ventrally. The tip of the claw shaft is usually more ventrally situated than the ventral margin of the flexor tubercle. The dorsal surface of the claw, as viewed laterally, is slightly concave between the extensor tubercle and the main shaft. Otherwise, the shaft is smoothly convex for its entire length. The proportionally great lengths of the claw shafts obscure the fact that they are also quite dorsoventrally deep. This point is best appreciated by looking at the claw in dorsal or ventral view, so that the claw’s mediolateral narrowness can be seen. Function.—The proportionally large dorsoventral depth of the intermediate phalanges is taken to an extreme in the distal phalanges: it can be inferred that these elements were also robust to parasagittal bending moments. The strongly curved claw shafts, and large distally positioned extensor tubercles suggest a capacity for strongly clinging or grappling to/on substrates. A more in-depth study of the functional significance of plesiadapiform claws is underway (Maiolino and <strong>Boyer</strong>, 2008). Comparison.—Compared to other plesiadapids (Table 4.15: see CSV), P.cookei has on average the proportionally narrowest (or deepest) claws. ANOVA of specimens, grouped by taxon, in the available sample show significant among taxon variance (df=4, F=5.858, P=0.0013). However, values of P. cookei overlap extensively with those of P. 325
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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Page 303 and 304: euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
Page 305 and 306: for comparison. These include isola
Page 307 and 308: plesiadapid samples have the same m
Page 309 and 310: Organization of results Each bone i
Page 311 and 312: Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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Page 315 and 316: Humerus Description.—The right an
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Page 319 and 320: cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 321 and 322: tuberosity. This crest probably del
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Page 325 and 326: distinct, convex distal radial face
Page 327 and 328: of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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Page 333 and 334: mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336: Function.—The three proximal carp
Page 337 and 338: the bone presently being described:
Page 339 and 340: the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
Page 341 and 342: differs from MC II and III in havin
Page 343 and 344: even more pronounced. The distal en
Page 345 and 346: etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348: have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350: difference makes them more like kno
Page 351: antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 355 and 356: spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358: the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360: The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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Page 363 and 364: The anteromedial side of the tibial
Page 365 and 366: fibular notch and the strong crest
Page 367 and 368: to the peroneal surface. The perone
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Page 371 and 372: Function.—The functional features
Page 373 and 374: flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
Page 375 and 376: tubercle, which is centrally locate
Page 377 and 378: Cuboid Description.—The right cub
Page 379 and 380: Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381 and 382: Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
Page 383 and 384: articulation with the entocuneiform
Page 385 and 386: medial side facet on MT IV from a v
Page 387 and 388: Vertebral column Vertebral column d
Page 389 and 390: measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
Page 391 and 392: transverse processes, and the poste
Page 393 and 394: taxa appear to have slightly more p
Page 395 and 396: dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
Page 397 and 398: The zygapophyses increase in size b
Page 399 and 400: vertebrae. It is also similar to th
Page 401 and 402: identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
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Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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