Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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The central fossa of the radial head for articulation with the humeral capitulum is spherically concave. However, the proximal end of the radius (radial head) appears oval, or even slightly rectangular in proximal view: the head is mediolaterally wider than dorsoventrally deep (Table 4.4A: BSV). This is due to the fact that the spherical depression of the central fossa is flanked radially by a broad “lateral lip.” At this point, it is convenient to note that the terminology of Beard (1989) is followed in this section even though it is somewhat confusing, because it allows for detailed descriptions of morphology. The “lateral lip” of the radial head typically articulates with the zona conoidea, which is on the medial side of the capitulum. In terms of radioulnar directions, the “lateral lip” is on the radial side of the radial head. Opposite the lateral lip, on the ulnar side of the bone, the radial head is rimmed by a proximally projecting crescentic ridge that would have articulated with the lateral flange of the capitulum during pronated forearm postures: it is referred to as the “medial crescent” by Beard (1989). The ventral and ulnar aspects of the radial head exhibit an articular surface for the ulna, referred to as the “rim of the radial head.” Distal to the radial head rim, the circumference of the bone decreases (the radial neck) before the cross-section increases abruptly on the ventral surface at the tuberosity for biceps brachii. Farther distally the shaft cross-section becomes more elliptical with the major axis oriented almost dorsoventrally. The dorsal margin of this elliptical shaft is continuous with the radial side of the bone, while the ventral side corresponds to the ulnar side. The peak of the dorsal arch of the shaft is marked by a tuberosity for the pronator teres muscle. This point is located at about twothirds the length of the shaft from the proximal end. Starting from the ulnar side of the proximal end, a crest crosses the dorsal margin of the shaft to meet the pronator teres 292
tuberosity. This crest probably delimits the radial edge of the compartment for the digital extensor musculature. The ulnar margin of the shaft of the radus develops a distinct crest for the interosseous membrance toward its distal end. The shaft swells abruptly to accommodate the distal articular surface. The dorsoradial margin of the distal epiphysis is marked by three tuberosities that formed the bony boundaries of the three extensor tendon compartments that cross the proximal carpal joint. From radial to ulnar these tuberosities correspond to the styloid process, Lister’s tubercle, and a frequently present but unnamed tubercle (Stern, 1988). The first extensor compartment would have been located radial and ventral to the styloid process. The distal articular surface itself is triangular in distal view. The radial margin forms a vertex of the triangle, while the ulnar surface is the opposing base of the triangle. The distal articular surface is marked by a faint dorsoventral ridge reflecting the respective positions of the scaphoid and lunate on either side of it. Ulnar to the lunate area, the articular surface extends on to the radial shaft for contact with the ulna. Function.—The spherical depression of the central fossa of the radial head suggests that the radius was axially mobile, as does the corresponding morphology of the humeral capitulum. A distally positioned, dorsally elevated pronator teres muscle attachment would provide a large area and lever arm for this muscle to resist substrate reaction forces causing supination, whereas the supinator muscle, attaching along the ulnar margin of the pronator teres attachment, could resist the opposite motion. Together, these muscles, as well as biceps brachii and some of the muscles originating from the supinator crest, could stabilize or rotate the humeroradial joint. The shallow distal articular surface suggests a mobile radiocarpal joint. The orientation of the joint surface 293
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
Page 269 and 270: CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
Page 271 and 272: among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
Page 273 and 274: Institutional and collections abbre
Page 275 and 276: CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277 and 278: HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
Page 279 and 280: MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
Page 281 and 282: Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284: History of descriptive study of the
Page 285 and 286: illustrations of this material, exc
Page 287 and 288: astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290: discussion of the femur indicates t
Page 291 and 292: supinator crests. He also noted tha
Page 293 and 294: that it may not even be an archonta
Page 295 and 296: unstudied material. Specifically, h
Page 297 and 298: 5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
Page 299 and 300: Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
Page 301 and 302: prehensility they provide, is an in
Page 303 and 304: euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
Page 305 and 306: for comparison. These include isola
Page 307 and 308: plesiadapid samples have the same m
Page 309 and 310: Organization of results Each bone i
Page 311 and 312: Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
Page 313 and 314: clavicle reflects some basic aspect
Page 315 and 316: Humerus Description.—The right an
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Page 319: cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 323 and 324: olecranon process to estimate its t
Page 325 and 326: distinct, convex distal radial face
Page 327 and 328: of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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Page 333 and 334: mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
Page 335 and 336: Function.—The three proximal carp
Page 337 and 338: the bone presently being described:
Page 339 and 340: the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
Page 341 and 342: differs from MC II and III in havin
Page 343 and 344: even more pronounced. The distal en
Page 345 and 346: etween the distal carpals and the
Page 347 and 348: have stouter shaft diameters for th
Page 349 and 350: difference makes them more like kno
Page 351 and 352: antipronograde clinging postures, o
Page 353 and 354: foramina, and faces slightly proxim
Page 355 and 356: spine at the superior tip of the il
Page 357 and 358: the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
Page 359 and 360: The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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Page 363 and 364: The anteromedial side of the tibial
Page 365 and 366: fibular notch and the strong crest
Page 367 and 368: to the peroneal surface. The perone
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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