Boyer diss 2009 1046..

and scanning resolution – these data are available upon request). These data were
visualized with the software Amira 4.1.2-1, Aviso 5.0, and Image J and were critical for
determining and illustrating patterns of articulation between carpal, tarsal, and metapodial
bones. They were also useful for estimating joint positions and ranges of joint motion.
Measurements and analysis
Various measurements were taken (1) on physical specimens and casts using
digital calipers, (2) on photographs using the software Sigma Scan Pro 5.0, or (3) on
surfaces created from HRxCT scan images using the software Amira 4.1.2-1 and Aviso
5.0. These measurements are presented in tables organized by bone or region of a bone.
Along with raw measurements, various natural logarithm shape ratios are often presented.
The names of these measurements and ratios are abbreviated in table headings. These
abbreviations and the measurements they represent are defined in the abbreviations
section above. Measurements recorded here are used to assist in descriptions of the
shapes of bones and to compare shape and size differences among bones of Plesiadapis
cookei (UM 87990) and those of other taxa. In addition to providing a set of “new”
measurements, all measurents used and defined by Sargis (2002a, b) and Szalay and
Dagosto (1980) are recorded here. Some or all of their data are incorporated into
analyses. Various analyses were undertaken using the programs SPSS 11.0 and PAST.
Univariate comparisons.—Measurements and shape indices of P. cookei are
compared to those of samples of P. tricuspidens and other plesiadapids using students t-
test (Sokal and Rohlf, 1997). These analyses assume UM 87990 represents the mean for
P. cookei, and determine the probability that distributions of measurements for other
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