Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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LD - lateral deviation (of mediolateral axis on distal humerus) of coronal plane in degrees Le - maximum length (Sargis, 2002a: measurements 5, 18, 26; Sargis, 2002b: measurements 1, 9, 29, 42) L-L - lumbar region (rib-less vertebrae of trunk) length LML - lamina (of vertebrae) craniocaudal length LSH - lunate surface (of scaphoid) proximodistal length, perpendicular to LSL LSL - lunate surface (of scaphoid) maximum dorsoventral length LTL - lesser trochanter (of femur) mediolateral length (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 13) LTP - lesser trochanter (of femur) proximodistal position (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 27) LTPV- lesser trochanter (of femur) position variable = ln(Le/LTP) Ltr-I - limb-trunk index = 100*([(humerus-Le + radius-Le + femur-Le + tibia- Le)/2]/trunk-L) MC - metacarpal MCD - medial condyle (of femur) anteroposterior depth (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 20) MCL - medial condyle (of femur or tibia) proximodistal length (Sargis, 2002b: measurements 24 and 31) MCW- medial condyle (of femur or tibia) mediolateral width (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 22 and 33) MH - maximum dorsoventral height (of atlas) MML - medial malleolus proximodistal length (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 37) MMW-medial malleolus mediolateral width (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 38) 250
MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or anteroposterior depth (unless otherwise specified in table footnotes) (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 16) MSW - mid-shaft mediolateral or radioulnar width (unless otherwise specified in table footnotes) (Sargis, 2002a: measurement 8; Sargis, 2002b: measurement 15) MT - metatarsal MW - maximum mediolateral width (of atlas) NcD - notch (of ulna) dorsoventral depth (Sargis, 2002a: measurement 24) NcL - notch (of ulna) proximodistal length (Sargis, 2002a: measurement 25) NkL - neck (of rib) length: measured between lateral edge of tubercle and lateral edge of head. NL - neck (of radius) proximodistal length (Sargis, 2002a: measurement 27) nm - nn - not measured no (catalogue) number NSV - notch (of ulna) shape variable = ln[L/(PNW*NcL)] OL - olecranon process (of ulna) proximodistal length (Sargis, 2002a: measurement 19) PAW - proximal articular surface (of humerus) mediolateral width (Sargis, 2002a: measurement 6) PCW - proximal carpal articular facet (of hamate) radioulnar width PCD - proximal carpal articular facet (of hamate) dorsoventral depth PCV - proximal carpal articular facet (of hamate) shape variable = PCW/PCD PD - pubis dorsoventral depth (Sargis, 2002b: measurement 6) 251
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
Page 227 and 228: e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
Page 229 and 230: process appears as solid bone. Admi
Page 231 and 232: 16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
Page 233 and 234: DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
Page 235 and 236: Lower premolar molarization As indi
Page 237 and 238: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242: TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
Page 243 and 244: Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
Page 245 and 246: Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
Page 247 and 248: Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
Page 249 and 250: Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
Page 251 and 252: Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
Page 261 and 262: Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 265 and 266: Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
Page 267 and 268: Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
Page 269 and 270: CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
Page 271 and 272: among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
Page 273 and 274: Institutional and collections abbre
Page 275 and 276: CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277: HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
Page 281 and 282: Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284: History of descriptive study of the
Page 285 and 286: illustrations of this material, exc
Page 287 and 288: astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290: discussion of the femur indicates t
Page 291 and 292: supinator crests. He also noted tha
Page 293 and 294: that it may not even be an archonta
Page 295 and 296: unstudied material. Specifically, h
Page 297 and 298: 5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
Page 299 and 300: Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
Page 301 and 302: prehensility they provide, is an in
Page 303 and 304: euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
Page 305 and 306: for comparison. These include isola
Page 307 and 308: plesiadapid samples have the same m
Page 309 and 310: Organization of results Each bone i
Page 311 and 312: Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
Page 313 and 314: clavicle reflects some basic aspect
Page 315 and 316: Humerus Description.—The right an
Page 317 and 318: epicondyle actually projects somewh
Page 319 and 320: cookei is absolutely longer than an
Page 321 and 322: tuberosity. This crest probably del
Page 323 and 324: olecranon process to estimate its t
Page 325 and 326: distinct, convex distal radial face
Page 327 and 328: of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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