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Table 3.4. Tooth measurements of Plesiadapidae and Paramyidae. a Abbreviations: BH – Buckman Hollow, Cf – Clarkforkian, CPQ – Cedar Point Quarry, DQ – Divide Q, E – Europe, ECM – Eagle Coal Mine, GGS – George Gaylord Simpson locality, GQ – Gidley Q, MP – Mammalian Palaeogene reference levels, NA – North America, PQ – Princeton Q, PE – Palaeogene European biozones, SC – Sand Coulee, To – Torrejonian, Ti – Tiffanian, RBQ – Rock Bench Q, WN – Who Nose? Q Specimen Species Ctnt Locality Relative age absolut age 2d area 3d area RFI OPC YPM-PU 17787 Plesiadapis churchilli NA SDQ Ti-4 58.1 8.72 31.26 0.493 62 UM 108786 Plesiadapis churchilli NA DQ Ti-4 58.1 9.33 33.98 0.460 61 UM 108748 Plesiadapis churchilli NA DQ Ti-4 58.1 10.73 33.41 0.482 72 Mean Plesiadapis churchilli 9.59 32.88 0.478 64.79 UM 80720 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-19 Cf-2 56.4 29.39 78.05 0.488 64 UM 82364 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-19 Cf-2 56.4 25.72 71.79 0.513 67 UM 65050 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-20 Cf-2 56.4 26.20 71.59 0.503 67 UM 69913 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-136 Cf-2 56.4 32.49 94.08 0.532 63 UM 65720 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-62 Cf-2 56.4 27.73 75.46 0.501 62 UM 71764 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-62 Cf-2 56.4 32.01 85.59 0.492 67 UM 79636 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-116 Cf-2 56.4 25.04 67.03 0.492 60 UM 69995 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-220 Cf-2 56.4 27.68 75.76 0.503 61 UM 87990 Plesiadapis cookei NA SC-117 Cf-2 56.4 23.38 61.26 0.482 53 UM 8801 Plesiadapis cookei NA Cf-2 56.4 29.79 78.26 0.483 68 Mean Plesiadapis cookei 27.94 75.89 0.499 63.25 UM 68741 Plesiadapis gingerichi NA SC-179 Cf-1 56.8 18.67 47.77 0.469 69 YPM-PU 17814 Plesiadapis simonsi NA s24, 55N 97W Ti-5b 57.2 16.18 42.54 0.483 77 UM 108451 Plesiadapis simonsi NA SC-389 Ti5b 57.2 16.27 41.88 0.473 65 Mean Plesiadapis simonsi 16.22 42.21 0.478 71 UM 68027 Plesiadapis dubius NA SC-156 Cf-2 56.4 8.39 22.26 0.488 56 UM 67244 Plesiadapis dubius NA SC-143 Cf-2 56.4 10.77 23.89 0.508 69 UM 87211 Plesiadapis dubius NA FG-100 Cf-2 56.4 8.49 22.63 0.477 70 UM 63733 Plesiadapis dubius NA SC-143 Cf-2 56.4 10.06 18.98 0.487 52 UM 71332 Plesiadapis dubius NA BH Cf-1 56.8 6.68 17.62 0.485 64 UM 77285 Plesiadapis dubius NA FG-41 Cf-1 56.8 9.65 18.48 0.481 59 UM 68357 Plesiadapis dubius NA BH Cf-1 56.8 12.75 26.32 0.481 65 UM 109907 Plesiadapis dubius NA SC-389 Ti-5b 57.2 13.55 23.79 0.515 58 Mean Plesiadapis dubius 10.04 21.74 0.490 61.56 UM 109996 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA SC-389 Ti-5b 57.2 8.65 23.97 0.455 61 UM 109581 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA SC-389 Ti-5b 57.2 7.17 24.10 0.507 63 UM 109521 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA SC-389 Ti-5b 57.2 7.07 27.29 0.471 67 YPM-PU 13941 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA PQ Ti-5a 57.6 10.18 27.61 0.499 63 YPM-PU 14032 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA PQ Ti-5a 57.6 11.67 25.48 0.508 67 YPM-PU 13975 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA PQ Ti-5a 57.6 8.74 31.15 0.528 60 YPM-PU 17601 Plesiadapis fodinatus NA PQ Ti-5a 57.6 10.64 28.64 0.489 62 Mean Plesiadapis fodinatus 9.16 26.89 0.494 63.21 UM 870065 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 9.60 25.33 0.485 68 GGS-13, 2002 spec. Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 8.31 22.08 0.488 52 UM 900317 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 10.03 26.17 0.479 68 UM 900312 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 9.65 24.01 0.456 57 UM 880149 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 9.57 24.81 0.476 62 UM 870063 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 10.34 24.72 0.436 50 UM 870061 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 11.60 30.01 0.475 66 UM 880566 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 9.51 23.88 0.460 60 UM L13-2 Plesiadapis rex NA GGS 13 Ti-3 59.2 10.10 25.22 0.458 53 YPM-PU 20059 Plesiadapis rex NA CPQ Ti-3 59.2 10.07 25.76 0.470 67 YPM-PU 20058 Plesiadapis rex NA CPQ Ti-3 59.2 9.56 24.43 0.469 67 YPM-PU 21289 Plesiadapis rex NA CPQ Ti-3 59.2 9.45 22.91 0.443 58 Mean Plesiadapis rex 9.82 24.94 0.466 60.54 UALVP 43232 Pronothodectes matthewi NA WN To-2 63.1 4.48 11.47 0.470 62 UALVP 43276 Pronothodectes matthewi NA WN To-2 63.1 4.05 11.01 0.500 51 AMNH 35469 Pronothodectes matthewi NA GQ To-2 63.1 4.62 11.94 0.474 57 AMNH 35462 Pronothodectes matthewi NA GQ To-2 63.1 5.13 13.53 0.485 60 AMNH 35467 Pronothodectes matthewi NA GQ To-2 63.1 4.62 12.10 0.482 56 UALVP 43231 Pronothodectes matthewi NA WN To-2 63.1 3.53 8.60 0.445 58 UALVP no num 1 Pronothodectes matthewi NA WN To-2 63.1 5.11 13.43 0.483 63 UALVP 43279 Pronothodectes matthewi NA WN To-2 63.1 4.76 12.67 0.490 62 UALVP 43275 Pronothodectes matthewi NA WN To-2 63.1 4.73 12.15 0.472 56 YPM-PU 17454 Pronothodectes jepi NA RBQ To-2 63.1 6.15 16.26 0.486 70 YPM-PU 17436 Pronothodectes jepi NA RBQ To-2 63.1 4.67 11.86 0.466 52 YPM-PU 14783 Pronothodectes jepi NA RBQ To-2 63.1 6.00 15.51 0.475 57 Mean Pronothodectes 4.82 12.54 0.477 58.61 218
Table 3.4 continued. European plesiadapids. Specimen Species Ctnt Locality Relative age absolut age 2d area 3d area RFI OPC MNHN BR-71-l Chiromyoides campanicus E Berru MP6-7(PE 1) 57.2 7.25 16.54 0.412 55 MNHN BR 13925 Chiromyoides campanicus E Berru MP6-7(PE 1) 57.2 8.15 17.75 0.389 62 MNHN-R 859 Chiromyoides campanicus E Berru? MP6-7(PE 1) 57.2 7.90 16.99 0.383 55 UM SC-243 Chiromyoides sp. NA SC-243 Ti-4 58.1 6.52 14.94 0.415 59 Mean Chiromyoides 7.46 16.56 0.400 57.63 MNHN AV 5762 Platychoerops daubrei E Avernay MP 9 (PE V) 52.0 22.68 62.10 0.504 84 MNHN AL(j) Platychoerops daubrei E Avernay MP 9 (PE V) 52.0 20.67 60.43 0.536 70 MNHN MU 5578 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 15.57 42.56 0.503 68 MNHN MU 5939 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 19.58 56.28 0.528 76 MNHN MU 5560 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 22.74 70.12 0.563 76 MNHN MU 6184 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 18.72 50.95 0.501 72 MNHN MU 6275 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 18.22 49.61 0.501 70 MNHN MU 12302 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 20.99 62.82 0.548 70 MNHN MU 12301 Platychoerops daubrei E Mutigny MP 8 (PE III) 54.8 18.70 55.22 0.541 71 Mean Platychoerops daubrei 19.76 56.68 0.525 73.08 MNHN BR 12493 Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 16.80 42.95 0.469 60 MNHN BR NN4a Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 17.42 43.79 0.461 55 MNHN BR NN4c Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 18.82 48.28 0.471 59 MNHN BR-L-51 Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 22.97 59.73 0.478 62 MNHN CR 14363 Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 16.23 40.68 0.459 61 MNHN BR NN2a Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 18.72 47.65 0.467 51 MNHN BR NN2b Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 16.81 40.93 0.445 61 MNHN BR NN2d Plesiadapis tricuspidens E Berru MP6-7 (PE 1) 57.2 15.25 36.99 0.443 46 Mean Plesiadapis tricuspidens 17.88 45.12 0.462 56.86 Table 3.4 continued. Clarkforkian rodents. Specimen Species Ctnt Locality Relative age absolut age 2d area 3d area RFI OPC UM 77755 Acritoparamys atwateri NA SC-188 Cf-2 56.8 4.46 10.86 0.445 50 UM 77719 Microparamys cheradius NA SC-188 Cf-2 56.8 2.35 5.42 0.419 69 UM 77752 Acritoparamys atavus NA SC-188 Cf-2 56.8 2.20 5.56 0.462 57 UM 75443 Acritoparamys atavus NA SC-188 Cf-2 56.8 5.63 13.52 0.438 63 UM 77771 Reithroparamys sp. indet. NA SC-188 Cf-2 56.8 7.05 17.91 0.466 64 UM 71177 Acritoparamys atwateri NA SC-74 Cf-2 56.8 4.79 12.26 0.470 57 YPM-PU 14200 Acritoparamys atavus NA ECM Cf-3 56.8 2.79 6.96 0.456 67 UM 69871 Acritoparamys atavus NA SC-214 Cf-3 56.8 2.36 5.97 0.467 68 UM 71173 Acritoparamys atavus NA SC-74 Cf-3 56.8 2.27 6.03 0.474 64 UM 77834 Paramys taurus NA SC-48 Cf-3 56.8 6.64 16.49 0.455 59 Mean Paramyidae 4.05 10.10 0.455 61.78 a – gray cells show data used in analyses of this study 219
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
Page 3 and 4:
Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10:
Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
Page 115 and 116:
Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
Page 117 and 118:
TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
Page 119 and 120:
81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
Page 121 and 122:
Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
Page 123 and 124:
Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
Page 127 and 128:
Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Page 157 and 158:
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Page 165 and 166:
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
Page 195 and 196: Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
Page 199 and 200: Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
Page 201 and 202: Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
Page 203 and 204: Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
Page 205 and 206: CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
Page 207 and 208: these species. Changing ecological
Page 209 and 210: Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 211 and 212: Methods of examination and document
Page 213 and 214: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 215 and 216: Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
Page 217 and 218: nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
Page 219 and 220: identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
Page 221 and 222: process is quite large, projecting
Page 223 and 224: vestibuli. This groove’s point of
Page 225 and 226: 9: 40). The right side reveals an a
Page 227 and 228: e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
Page 229 and 230: process appears as solid bone. Admi
Page 231 and 232: 16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
Page 233 and 234: DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
Page 235 and 236: Lower premolar molarization As indi
Page 237 and 238: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242: TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
Page 243 and 244: Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
Page 245: Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
Page 249 and 250: Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
Page 251 and 252: Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
Page 261 and 262: Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 265 and 266: Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
Page 267 and 268: Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
Page 269 and 270: CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
Page 271 and 272: among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
Page 273 and 274: Institutional and collections abbre
Page 275 and 276: CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277 and 278: HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
Page 279 and 280: MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
Page 281 and 282: Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284: History of descriptive study of the
Page 285 and 286: illustrations of this material, exc
Page 287 and 288: astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290: discussion of the femur indicates t
Page 291 and 292: supinator crests. He also noted tha
Page 293 and 294: that it may not even be an archonta
Page 295 and 296: unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
Page 381 and 382:
Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 437 and 438:
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 449 and 450:
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Page 453 and 454:
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 483 and 484:
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
Page 487 and 488:
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Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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Page 528 and 529:
INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
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MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
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Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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