Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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ps – s1 – s2 – s3 – tca – posterior septum (and internal carotid canal): laterally curving septum of bone that shields the fenestra cochlea dorsally and holds a canal that leads to the posterior carotid foramen ventrally first (anterior) septum: most lateral septum extending anteriorly from promontorium (tubal canal forms between s1 and epitympanic crest) second (medial secondary) septum: forms medial to s1, projects anteromedially from promontorium. g3 typically leads to the ventral or medial aspect of this septum third septum: Projects medially between s2 and raised ridge of cochlear canaliculus, more posteriorly tympanic canaliculus: Foramina and groove on or near ridge of cochlear canaliculus in tympanic cavity marking the entrance of the tympanic nerve from extracranial space, and the re-entrance of the nerve into the promontorium as it moves laterally to contribute to the tympanic plexus. Associated canals do not communicate with cochlea. 216
Table 3.3. Size comparison among plesiadapid skulls Specimen Taxon USNM 309902 Nannodectes intermedius UALVP 46685 Pronothodectes gaoi AMNH 17388 Nannodectes gidleyi YPM-PU 19642 Plesiadapis anceps MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapis tricuspidens Pellouin Skull Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapis tricuspidens UM 87990 Plesiadapis cookei mean CR 125 202 (14) 174 (21) 187 (11) 121 (6) 108 (4) 99.5 (30) 100 (39) 100.5 (39) % Cranial a estimate 50.7 mm 61.1 mm 56.9 mm 87.9 mm 98.5 mm 106.9 mm 106.3 mm 105.8 mm mean UM 210 (14) 173 (21) 170 (11) 153 (6) 110 (4) 99.4 (30) 99.5 (39) 100 (39) 87990% Cranial b 50.4 mm 61.2 mm 62.3 mm 69.2 mm 96.2 mm 106.5 mm 106.3 mm 105.8 mm estimate a Cranial estimates based on a measured length of 106.36 mm for MNHN CR 125. b Cranial estimates based on a estimated length of 105.83 mm for UM 87990. 217
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
Page 193 and 194: Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
Page 195 and 196: Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
Page 199 and 200: Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
Page 201 and 202: Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
Page 203 and 204: Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
Page 205 and 206: CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
Page 207 and 208: these species. Changing ecological
Page 209 and 210: Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 211 and 212: Methods of examination and document
Page 213 and 214: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 215 and 216: Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
Page 217 and 218: nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
Page 219 and 220: identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
Page 221 and 222: process is quite large, projecting
Page 223 and 224: vestibuli. This groove’s point of
Page 225 and 226: 9: 40). The right side reveals an a
Page 227 and 228: e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
Page 229 and 230: process appears as solid bone. Admi
Page 231 and 232: 16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
Page 233 and 234: DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
Page 235 and 236: Lower premolar molarization As indi
Page 237 and 238: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242: TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
Page 243: Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
Page 247 and 248: Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
Page 249 and 250: Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
Page 251 and 252: Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
Page 261 and 262: Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 265 and 266: Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
Page 267 and 268: Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
Page 269 and 270: CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
Page 271 and 272: among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
Page 273 and 274: Institutional and collections abbre
Page 275 and 276: CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277 and 278: HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
Page 279 and 280: MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
Page 281 and 282: Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
Page 283 and 284: History of descriptive study of the
Page 285 and 286: illustrations of this material, exc
Page 287 and 288: astragalus and calcaneum was highly
Page 289 and 290: discussion of the femur indicates t
Page 291 and 292: supinator crests. He also noted tha
Page 293 and 294: that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 497:
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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