Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Major cranial differences between Plesiadapis cookei and P. tricuspidens The crania of P. cookei and P. tricuspidens are not highly divergent. In fact, they are uniquely similar among known plesiadapid skulls in their laterally expanded, tubular external auditory meati, and in the minimal exposure of the molar roots on the dorsal surface of their maxillae. On the other hand, P. cookei differs distinctly from P. tricuspidens in having proportionally broader nasals (Table 2.6: N/GM), and a proportionally smaller glenoid fossa (Table 2.6: Gld/GM). Additionally, P. cookei appears to differ from P. tricuspidens in having an ectotympanic ring that does not flare beyond its attachment to the bullar part of the ectotympanic as substantially, and possibly in having a more posteriorly projecting nuchal crest. Interestingly, the features separating P. cookei from P. tricuspidens, also separate smaller North American plesiadapids from P. tricuspidens, including P. anceps, N. intermedius, N. gidleyi, and Pr. gaoi (see Chapter 2). Some previously undocumented dental differences between P.cookei and P. tricuspidens are also revealed by UM 87990: unlike P. tricuspidens, P. cookei lacks a P 2 and a has more molariform P 4 . IMPLICATIONS OF CRANIODENTAL MATERIAL FOR BODY SIZE IN PLESIADAPIDAE Though it is clear that both P. cookei and P. tricuspidens were absolutely large among plesiadapids generally, the comparison of body size in these species has remained ambiguous. P. cookei has molar teeth with occlusal areas that are 140% (M 1 ), 127% (M 2 ) and 119% (M 3 ) larger than those of P. tricuspidens [data from Gingerich (1976: table A- 202
16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1981: table 14) for P. cookei]. These data lead to the hypothesis that P. cookei was a bigger animal than P. tricuspidens (Gingerich et al., 1982; Fleagle, 1999). However, side-by-side comparison of the UM 87990 cranium and MNHN CR 125 (or the Pellouin skull) in dorsal or ventral view shows that the P. tricuspidens specimens dwarf P. cookei, the opposite of what tooth size differences would lead one to predict. Close inspection reveals that this contradiction is mainly due to differential patterns of deformation among the different skulls. Whereas UM 87990 is compressed anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally so that it is now smaller in these dimensions than it was in life, the P. tricuspidens specimens are compressed dorsoventrally, so that they probably still retain their transverse plane dimensions. The degree to which size differences have been accentuated is revealed by a series of 39 measurements on individual cranial bones (Table 2.5: Table 3.3). This exercise shows that the skulls of P. cookei and P. tricuspidens are almost identical in the size of almost every feature measured except for the glenoid fossae, which are distinctly larger in the two P. tricuspidens specimens. Specifically, measurements from all regions of the P. cookei skull (UM 87990) are, on average, 99% the size of those of both skulls of P. tricuspidens (MNHN CR 125 and the Pellouin skull). The value “99%” is literally the antilogged average of 39 natural log ratios of P. cookei to P. tricuspidens cranial measurements. In other words, it is an average of 39 direct comparisons. A less direct comparison using a geometric mean of these 39 measurements yields a slightly different but comparable result. The geometric mean of the P. cookei measurements is 10.7, while that of MNHN CR 125 is 10.6, suggesting that, instead, the P. tricuspidens skull is 99% the size of that of P. cookei. Comparisons between P. cookei and a sample of P. 203
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
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primates, as well as treeshrews and
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canaliculus are present on the sept
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it is missing from the other side o
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observations and interpretations ma
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
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Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
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TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
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81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
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Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
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Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
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Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
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Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
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Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
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Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
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Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
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Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
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Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
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Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.27. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 179 and 180: Figure 2.28. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 181 and 182: Figure 2.29. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 183 and 184: Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
Page 185 and 186: Figure 2.31. MNHN CR 126, Plesiadap
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
Page 189 and 190: Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
Page 191 and 192: Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
Page 193 and 194: Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
Page 195 and 196: Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
Page 199 and 200: Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
Page 201 and 202: Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
Page 203 and 204: Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
Page 205 and 206: CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
Page 207 and 208: these species. Changing ecological
Page 209 and 210: Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 211 and 212: Methods of examination and document
Page 213 and 214: SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
Page 215 and 216: Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
Page 217 and 218: nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
Page 219 and 220: identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
Page 221 and 222: process is quite large, projecting
Page 223 and 224: vestibuli. This groove’s point of
Page 225 and 226: 9: 40). The right side reveals an a
Page 227 and 228: e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
Page 229: process appears as solid bone. Admi
Page 233 and 234: DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
Page 235 and 236: Lower premolar molarization As indi
Page 237 and 238: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
Page 241 and 242: TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
Page 243 and 244: Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
Page 245 and 246: Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
Page 247 and 248: Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
Page 249 and 250: Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
Page 251 and 252: Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
Page 261 and 262: Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
Page 265 and 266: Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
Page 267 and 268: Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
Page 269 and 270: CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
Page 271 and 272: among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
Page 273 and 274: Institutional and collections abbre
Page 275 and 276: CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
Page 277 and 278: HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
Page 279 and 280: MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
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MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
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Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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