Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Figure 2.11. 126
Figure 2.11. USNM 309902 Nannodectes intermedius: A, stereophotographic lateral view of left basicranial fragment. B, lateral basicranial fragment. C, inset of left petrosal. C’, enlargement of inset C. D, HRxCT coronal slice number 207. E, three views of HRxCT renderings of left petrosal. Nerves reconstructed in yellow represent components of tympanic plexus. Neurovasculature reconstructed in red represents components of internal carotid plexus. Anterior to top in all parts. Fine dashed line – g3 groove. Numbers and abbreviations: 44 – crista tympanica, , 47 – ventrally projecting lateral processes of basioccipital, 48 – right occipital condyle, 49 – foramen magnum, 51 – nuchal crest. ac – aperture of cochlear fenestra; av – aperture of fenestra vestibuli; Boc – basioccipital; Bul – auditory bulla; ccA - broken open aperture of cochlear canaliculus; ps – posterior septum; ec – epitympanic crest; g1 – groove for internal carotid plexus; g3 - groove that leads to s2 (for a small vein?); Ptr – petrosal; s1 – first (anterior) septum; s2 – second septum; Soc – supraoccipital; tt – tegmen tympani. 127
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
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eneath it while also extending post
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y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
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the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
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margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
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groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
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2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
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preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
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the posterior septum, a deeply inci
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Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
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is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
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is not convoluted like many other s
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110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
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two regions for the internal jugula
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ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
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provides measurements of these and
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of the promontorium of the Pellouin
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Page 105 and 106: primates, as well as treeshrews and
Page 107 and 108: canaliculus are present on the sept
Page 109 and 110: it is missing from the other side o
Page 111 and 112: observations and interpretations ma
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
Page 115 and 116: Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
Page 117 and 118: TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
Page 119 and 120: 81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
Page 121 and 122: Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
Page 123 and 124: Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
Page 125 and 126: Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
Page 127 and 128: Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
Page 129 and 130: Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132: Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
Page 133 and 134: Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
Page 149 and 150: Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 153: Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
Page 157 and 158: Figure 2.13. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 161 and 162: Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
Page 167 and 168: Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
Page 183 and 184: Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
Page 189 and 190: Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
Page 191 and 192: Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
Page 193 and 194: Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
Page 195 and 196: Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
Page 199 and 200: Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
Page 201 and 202: Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
Page 203 and 204: Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 491 and 492:
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Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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