Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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g4 – g5 – hf – ips – iof – jf – jp – lf – of – pcf - a frequently present alternative or additional groove for tympanic plexus fibers to reach routes 1-3 frequently present groove that leads from a point ventral to the vestibular fenestra dorsolaterally, toward the epitympanic crest hiatus fallopii for greater petrosal nerve of CN VII inferior petrosal sinus infraorbital foramen jugular foramen for CN IX-XI jugular process of exoccipital lacrimal foramen optic foramen posterior carotid foramen (diameter). *In some cases this feature was not visible and had to be estimated from the width of the groove for the IC plexus on the petrosal. If measureable, the value is given after the condition symbol. pgf – postglenoid foramen pgp – postglenoid process ppc – postpalatine canal ppp – paroccipital process of petrosal. Also referred to as mastoid process. Serves as attachment point for posterior belly of digastric muscle. ps – rtp – s1 – s2 – s3 – posterior septum (and internal carotid canal): laterally curving septum of bone that shields the fenestra cochlea dorsally and holds a canal that leads to the posterior carotid foramen ventrally rostral tympanic process of petrosal bone first (anterior) septum: Most lateral septum extending anteriorly from promontorium. Tubal canal forms between s1 and epitympanic crest. second septum: Medial to s1, projects anteromedially from promontorium. g3 typically leads to the top ventral or medial aspect of this septum. *in one case of a P. tricuspidens specimen, the septum was not actually preserved, but surrounding morphology indicated to the author that it had originally been present. third septum: projects medially between s2 and raised ridge of cochlear canaliculus, more posteriorly sab – strut from annular part to bullar part scc – semicircular canal smf – stylomastoid foramen sof – spf – tc – tca – suboptic foramen sphenorbital fissure tubal canal tympanic canaliculus: Foramina and groove on or near ridge of cochlear canaliculus in tympanic cavity marking the entrance of the tympanic nerve from extracranial space, and the re-entrance of the nerve into the promontorium as it moves laterally to contribute to the tympanic plexus. Associated canals do not communicate with cochlea. tng – tympanic nerve groove vc – vidian canal? zys – sutural surface for zygomatic on maxilla 94
Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of plesiadapid specimens. Column headings: av – fenestra vestibuli maximum diameter (**stapes foot plate maximum diameter is used as a substitute in some cases); cc, ps, g1-5, pcf, s1-3, tca – see Table 2.2; ccl – cochlear length (measurements courtesy of M. Coleman); lam – several specimens exhibit what appeared to be two laminae of bone comprising the remnant of the medial tympanic process (the dorsolateral edge of the bulla); pd – petrosal depth: height of pars cochlearis measured perpendicular to the plane of the endocranial surface of the element; pw – petrosal width: mediolateral thickness of petrosal as taken perpendicular to previous measurement. Information in Table 2.3 cells: a – morphology absent/different; n – morphology cannot be assessed because it is not preserved; nm – not measured or not measureable; p – morphology is present/preserved; pp – in the case of g1-4, indicates the presence of a set of parallel grooves are present in the appropriate position;? – relevant anatomy for gauging the anatomical condition is preserved, but obscured by other bone or matrix, or just difficult to interpret for some reason; *In some cases this feature was not visible and had to be estimated from the width of the groove for the internal carotid plexus on the petrosal. If measureable, the value is given after the condition symbol. Taxon Spec ccl av pd pw g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 Pronothodectes gaoi UALVP 46685 R nm 1.21 4.55 3.45 ? ? ? p ? Pronothodectes gaoi UALVP 46685 L 15.60 1.17 4.68 3.48 ? ? p p ? Pronothodectes gaoi UALVP 46687 R nm 1.20 4.29 3.73 pp pp p p p Pronothodectes gaoi UALVP 49105 L 15.30 1.03 4.61 3.84 pp p p p p Nannodectes intermedius USNM 309902 R 14.50 1.16 3.54 3.55 p ? a p ? Nannodectes intermedius USNM 309902 L nm 1.19 ~3.6 ~3.8 p n a ? a Nannodectes gidleyi AMNH 17388 R nm nm Nm ~3.5 n ? a p ? Nannodectes gidleyi AMNH 17388 L nm nm Nm ~3.4 n ? a p ? Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 125 R nm 1.55* Nm 4.47 p a a p p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 125 L nm nm Nm nm ? a a p p Plesiadapis tricuspidens Pellouin R nm nm Nm nm ? a pp ? ? Plesiadapis tricuspidens Pellouin L nm nm Nm 4.31 p a pp p p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 1371 17.30 1.15 4.91 4.14 pp p pp p p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 17414 nm nm 4.86 4.16 n n n n ? Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 17415 16.10 1.31 5.3 4.21 p p p p p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 17416 17.20 1.2 4.98 4.43 p a a a p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 17417 17.50 1.53 5.3 4.14 n n pp? n p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 17418 17.00 1.36 4.95 4.52 p ? a a p Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN BR 17419 nm nm 4.07 4.55 n n a a p Plesiadapis cookei UM 87990 R 21.03 1.32 ~5.5 4.43 p pp? p a p Carpolestes simpsoni USNM 482354 8.64 nm Nm nm p ? ? ? ? Ignacius graybullianus USNM 421608 nm 1.10* 3.28 3.04 p n n n ? 95
Page 1 and 2:
NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
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The canine is a simple, single-root
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existence and/or nature of contacts
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outlined. This includes description
Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
Page 87 and 88: Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
Page 89 and 90: is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
Page 91 and 92: is not convoluted like many other s
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Page 95 and 96: two regions for the internal jugula
Page 97 and 98: ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
Page 99 and 100: provides measurements of these and
Page 101 and 102: of the promontorium of the Pellouin
Page 103 and 104: seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
Page 105 and 106: primates, as well as treeshrews and
Page 107 and 108: canaliculus are present on the sept
Page 109 and 110: it is missing from the other side o
Page 111 and 112: observations and interpretations ma
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
Page 115 and 116: Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
Page 117 and 118: TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of
Page 119 and 120: 81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
Page 121: Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
Page 125 and 126: Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
Page 127 and 128: Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
Page 129 and 130: Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132: Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
Page 133 and 134: Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
Page 149 and 150: Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 153 and 154: Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 161 and 162: Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
Page 167 and 168: Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.31. MNHN CR 126, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
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Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
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Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
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Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
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Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
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Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
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plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
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RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
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Optimization of postcranial traits
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Therefore, character optimization r
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carpolestid bulla is not split into
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2008). I therefore changed the codi
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Re-coding and optimization of crani
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and paromomyids. This, however, is
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REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
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Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
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TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
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Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
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asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
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111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
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158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
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Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
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Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
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Figure 5.2. 542
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Figure 5.3 544
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Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
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ostral end of the nasals) and prema
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its body size would fit predictions
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vertically-to-caudally projecting t
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More generally speaking, this disse
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Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
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Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
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Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
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MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
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Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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