Boyer diss 2009 1046..

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Witmer, L.M., 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason, J.J. (ed) Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 19-33. 88
TABLES Table 2.1. Numerical list of referenced anatomical features in selected cranial specimens of Plesiadapidae UALVP 46685, 49105, 46687 1 – Nasal/premaxilla suture (Fig. 2.1) 2 – Nasal/frontal suture (Fig. 2.1) 3 – Premaxilla/maxillary suture (Figs. 2.1-3) 4 – Premaxilla/frontal suture (Fig. 2.1) 5 – Lacrimal/frontal suture (Fig. 2.1) 6 – Lacrimal/maxillary suture (Fig. 2.1) 7 – Lacrimal orbital process (Fig. 2.1) 8 – Lacrimal foramen (Fig. 2.1) 9 – Point on zygomatic where anteroposterior width was measured (Fig. 2.1) 10 – Maxilla/frontal suture (Fig. 2.1) 11 – Infraorbital foramen (Figs. 2.2, 4, 5) 12 – Metopic suture (Fig. 2.1) 13 – Frontal/parietal suture (Fig. 2.1) 14 – Frontal temporal ridge (Fig. 2.1) 15 – Zygomatic process of squamosal (Figs. 2.1, 2) 16 – Glenoid of squamosal (Figs. 2.1, 2) 17 – Postglenoid foramen (Fig. 2.2D) 18 – Entoglenoid process (Fig. 2.2E) 19 – Point on zygomatic process of squamosal where width was measured (Fig. 2.2D) 20 – Medial and rostral tympanic processes of petrosal (Figs. 2.4, 5) 21 – tca & mca foramen (Figs. 2.4, 6, 7) 22 – tca & mca groove (Figs. 2.4, 6) 23 – Primary facial foramen, facial canal and/or stylomastoid foramen (Figs. 2.4-6) 24 – Remnants of bulla (Figs. 2.1- 3, 5) 25 – Dorsal (petrosal?) layer of bone on medial process of petrosal (Figs. 2.4-6) 26 – Ventral (nonpetrosal?) layer of bone on medial process of petrosal (Figs. 2.4-6) 27 – Anterior end of basioccipital (Figs. 2.2, 3) 28 – Occipital condyle (Figs. 2.2, 3) 29 – Hypoglossal foramen (Figs. 2.2, 3) 30 – Foramen magnum (Figs. 2.2, 3) 31 – Nuchal crest (Figs. 2.2, 3) USNM 309902 32 – Left nasal anterior end (Fig. 2.8) 33 – Right nasal anterior end (Fig. 2.8) 34 – Right nasal posterior end (Fig. 2.8) 35 – Right maxilla/premaxilla suture (Fig. 2.8) 36 – M 2-3 roots exposed in orbit (Fig. 2.8) 37 – Infraorbital foramen (Fig. 2.8) 38 – Possible optic foramen (Fig. 2.8) 89
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NEW CRANIAL AND POSTCRANIAL REMAINS
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Stony Brook University The Graduate
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postcranial anatomy more accurately
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Table of Contents List of Figures .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Zygomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Description . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Craniodental material of Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.25. MNHN CR 965 Plesiadapi
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Figure 4.24. UM 87990 Plesiadapis c
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Table List Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Num
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Table 4.30. Caudal vertebrae measur
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plesiadapif
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primates, sharing many dental featu
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were acquired. Specifically, the
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of the plesiadapiform skeleton. Ext
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Gervais, M.P., 1877. Enumération d
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Szalay, F.S., 1972. Cranial morphol
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CHAPTER 2: A REEVALUATION OF CRANIA
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Information on the cranium of basal
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petrosal bulla predicts that a sutu
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History of descriptive study of ple
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Gingerich (1971) rebutted Szalay (1
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9c, Gingerich (1976) labeled a groo
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portion of the bulla medial to the
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Bloch and Silcox (2006) described t
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Material exam
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whitening, dark and light areas on
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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efore meeting a large, anteroposter
Page 65 and 66: The canine is a simple, single-root
Page 67 and 68: existence and/or nature of contacts
Page 69 and 70: outlined. This includes description
Page 71 and 72: eneath it while also extending post
Page 73 and 74: y a pair of parallel grooves (Fig.
Page 75 and 76: the skull (Fig. 2.1). The length of
Page 77 and 78: margin clearly had a posteriorly pr
Page 79 and 80: groove measures about 0.29 mm in di
Page 81 and 82: 2.13: 50). The suture with the supr
Page 83 and 84: preserved (Fig. 2.15: 55). In fact,
Page 85 and 86: the posterior septum, a deeply inci
Page 87 and 88: Plesiadapis tricuspidens MNHN CR 12
Page 89 and 90: is roughly 2.8 mm long. Medial to t
Page 91 and 92: is not convoluted like many other s
Page 93 and 94: 110) and the only squamosal/alisphe
Page 95 and 96: two regions for the internal jugula
Page 97 and 98: ventral to the sinuous suture (132)
Page 99 and 100: provides measurements of these and
Page 101 and 102: of the promontorium of the Pellouin
Page 103 and 104: seen on the HRxCT scan is expressed
Page 105 and 106: primates, as well as treeshrews and
Page 107 and 108: canaliculus are present on the sept
Page 109 and 110: it is missing from the other side o
Page 111 and 112: observations and interpretations ma
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1993. Phylo
Page 115: Russell, D.E., 1959. Le crâne de P
Page 119 and 120: 81 - Occipital/petrosal suture (Fig
Page 121 and 122: Table 2.2. Abbreviations for crania
Page 123 and 124: Table 2.3a. Petrosal features of pl
Page 125 and 126: Table 2.4. List of cranial measurem
Page 127 and 128: Shape variables (Table 2.6) ac/GM -
Page 129 and 130: Table 2.5. continued Specimen MNHN
Page 131 and 132: Appendix Table 2.1. Specimens scann
Page 133 and 134: Fig. 2.39 - bs, Ptr, rtp, s1, s2 Fi
Page 135 and 136: Figure 2.1. UALVP 46685 Pronothodec
Page 149 and 150: Figure 2.8. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2.9. USNM 309902 Nannodectes
Page 153 and 154: Figure 2.10. USNM 309902 Nannodecte
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2.15. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 161 and 162: Figure 2.16. AMNH 17388 Nannodectes
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2.18. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
Page 165 and 166: Figure 2.20. MNHN CR 125 Plesiadapi
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Figure 2.22. MNHN CR 965, Plesiadap
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Figure 2.26. Pellouin skull Plesiad
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Page 181 and 182:
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Figure 2.30. MaPhQ 33y Adapis paris
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Figure 2.32. SBU MRd-12 Sciurus car
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Figure 2.33. UMMZ 58983 Tupaia glis
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Figure 2.34. Boyer coll. Marmota mo
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Figure 2.35. UMMZ TS13 Lagostomus m
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Figure 2.36. AMNH 41527 Lagostomus
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Figure 2.37. AMNH 185638 Indri indr
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Figure 2.38. USNM 482353 Ignacius c
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Figure 2.39. UM 108207 Acidomomys h
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Figure 2.40. Reconstruction of ples
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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST
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these species. Changing ecological
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Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
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Methods of examination and document
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SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Class MAMMA
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Premaxilla and premaxillary dentiti
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nerve and vessels in life (Fig. 3.5
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identifiable. No ethmoid foramina c
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process is quite large, projecting
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vestibuli. This groove’s point of
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9: 40). The right side reveals an a
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e seen as a wedge-shaped, rugose de
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process appears as solid bone. Admi
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16) for P. tricuspidens and Rose (1
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DENTAL FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF P.
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Lower premolar molarization As indi
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The skull of
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REFERENCES Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M.
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TABLES Table 3.1. List of anatomica
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Table 3.2. Anatomical abbreviations
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Table 3.3. Size comparison among pl
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Table 3.4 continued. European plesi
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Figure 3.1. Cranium of Plesiadapis
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Figure 3.3. Right maxillary teeth (
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Page 255 and 256:
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Figure 3.8. Fragment from right nuc
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Figure 3.9. Right promontorium of P
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Figure 3.12. Right dentary of Plesi
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Figure 3.14. A, Plot of relief inde
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CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST KNOWN SKELETON
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among plesiadapiforms (e.g., Szalay
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Institutional and collections abbre
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CaL - capitulum (of humerus) antero
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HSV - head shape variable = ln(DEW/
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MSD - mid-shaft dorsoventral or ant
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Ry - ray (as in “digit ray”) S-
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History of descriptive study of the
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illustrations of this material, exc
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astragalus and calcaneum was highly
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discussion of the femur indicates t
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supinator crests. He also noted tha
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that it may not even be an archonta
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unstudied material. Specifically, h
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5321), some metapodials (MNHN R 529
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Gingerich and Gunnell (1992) publis
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prehensility they provide, is an in
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euarchontans (Fig. 1.1). Their anal
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for comparison. These include isola
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plesiadapid samples have the same m
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Organization of results Each bone i
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Bloch and Boyer (2002) and N. inter
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clavicle reflects some basic aspect
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Humerus Description.—The right an
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epicondyle actually projects somewh
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cookei is absolutely longer than an
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tuberosity. This crest probably del
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olecranon process to estimate its t
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distinct, convex distal radial face
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of the midcarpal joint), and its pr
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(there is no evidence for more than
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matches the opposing facet on the t
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mobility at the trapezoid-trapezium
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Function.—The three proximal carp
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the bone presently being described:
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the “set 2” MC II is a larger,
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differs from MC II and III in havin
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even more pronounced. The distal en
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etween the distal carpals and the
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have stouter shaft diameters for th
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difference makes them more like kno
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antipronograde clinging postures, o
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foramina, and faces slightly proxim
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spine at the superior tip of the il
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the thigh (Gambaryan, 1974). The ha
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The femoral shaft is smooth, lackin
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lacking a lateral extension of its
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The anteromedial side of the tibial
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fibular notch and the strong crest
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to the peroneal surface. The perone
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could even be described as having t
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Function.—The functional features
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flexor fibularis groove surface. Ex
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tubercle, which is centrally locate
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Cuboid Description.—The right cub
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Ectocuneiform Description.—A left
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Metatarsals Hallucal metatarsal des
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articulation with the entocuneiform
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medial side facet on MT IV from a v
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Vertebral column Vertebral column d
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measurements, see caption of Fig. 4
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transverse processes, and the poste
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taxa appear to have slightly more p
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dorsoventrally than craniocaudally.
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The zygapophyses increase in size b
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vertebrae. It is also similar to th
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identifications have been reversed.
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preserved. The ribs are slender and
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Carpolestes simpsoni (UM 101963) an
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third metacarpal, similar to arbore
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autapomorphy, because it appears th
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Jenkins (1974) found that Tupaia gl
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Nannodectes and other plesiadapids,
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are consistent with more frequent u
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differences generated from informat
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Perry, M. Silcox, R. Secord and man
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ubriventer: implications for the fu
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Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema naturae
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Stern, J.T.,Jr., 1988. Essentials o
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Table 4.3A. Measurements of the pro
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Table 4.3C. Comparative shape varia
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Table 4.5A. Measurements and shape
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Table 4.10. Measurements and shape
Page 435 and 436:
Table 4.13. Measurements of plesiad
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Table 4.17B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.18B. Measurements of the di
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Table 4.20B. Measurements 11-18 of
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Table 4.21A. Measurements 1-10 and
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Table 4.23. Measurements and shape
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
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Table 4.35. Body segment lengths (m
Page 457 and 458:
Table 4.37A. Parameters for Gingeri
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Table 4.38C. Summary of plesiadapid
Page 461 and 462:
Appendix Table 4.1B. Plesiadapis co
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Appendix Table 4.3. Other plesiadap
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Figure 4.2. Plesiadapis cookei (UM
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Figure 4.4. Plot of principal coord
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Figure 4.6. Surface reconstructions
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
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Figure 4.10. Surface reconstruction
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Figure 4.14. Plesiadapis cookei or
Page 483 and 484:
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Figure 4.17. Plot of principal coor
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Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497:
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4.30 472
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Figure 4.31. Measurements of astrag
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Figure 4.33 476
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 4.34. Measurements of calcan
Page 508 and 509:
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Figure 4.40. Stereophotographic vie
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
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Figure 4.46. 490
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Figure 4.47 492
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Figure 4.50. 496
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INTRODUCTION Bloch et al. (2007) an
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have a lacrimal bone that retains i
Page 532 and 533:
Institutional abbreviations AMNH, A
Page 534 and 535:
level cladogram. A total of 33 cran
Page 536 and 537:
plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullian
Page 538 and 539:
RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction
Page 540 and 541:
Optimization of postcranial traits
Page 542 and 543:
Therefore, character optimization r
Page 544 and 545:
carpolestid bulla is not split into
Page 546 and 547:
2008). I therefore changed the codi
Page 548 and 549:
Re-coding and optimization of crani
Page 550 and 551:
and paromomyids. This, however, is
Page 552 and 553:
REFERENCES Beard, K.C., 1989. Postc
Page 554 and 555:
Novacek, M.J., 1986. The skull of l
Page 556 and 557:
TABLES Table 5.1. Dental characters
Page 558 and 559:
Table 5.2. Dental character matrix.
Page 560 and 561:
asisphenoid and basioccipital bones
Page 562 and 563:
111 (p3). Deltopectoral crest of hu
Page 564 and 565:
158 (p50). Metatarsal I facet on en
Page 566 and 567:
Table 5.4C. Postcranial characters
Page 568 and 569:
Table 5.7. Posterior carotid forame
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 5.2. 542
Page 572 and 573:
Figure 5.3 544
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 5.4. Plot of posterior carot
Page 576 and 577:
ostral end of the nasals) and prema
Page 578 and 579:
its body size would fit predictions
Page 580 and 581:
vertically-to-caudally projecting t
Page 582 and 583:
More generally speaking, this disse
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 6.1. CT reconstruction of Pl
Page 586 and 587:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, R.M., Jayes
Page 588 and 589:
Coleman, M. N. and Boyer, D.M. 2008
Page 590 and 591:
Godinot, M., Beard, K.C., 1991. Fos
Page 592 and 593:
MacPhee, R.D.E., 1981. Auditory Reg
Page 594 and 595:
Savage, D.E., Russell, D.E., 1983.
Page 596 and 597:
Szalay, F.S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. E
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