Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet: Boiling The Treatment Process Potential Treatment Capacity Very Effective For: Somewhat Effective For: Not Effective For: Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Chemicals Taste, odour, colour What is Boiling? Boiling is considered the world’s oldest, most common, and one of the most effective methods for treating water. If done properly, boiling kills or deactivates all bacteria, viruses, protozoa (including cysts) and helminths that cause diarrheal disease. How Does It Remove Contamination? Pathogens are killed when the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius. Operation Water is heated over a fire or stove until it boils. Different fuel sources can be used depending on local availability and cost (e.g. wood, charcoal, biomass, biogas, kerosene, propane, solar panels, electricity). Water bubbling as it boils provides a visual indicator does away with the need for a thermometer. Recommended boiling times varies among organizations. The World Health Organization recommends that water be heated until it reaches the boiling point (WHO, nd). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recommends a rolling boil of 1 minute, to ensure that users do not stop heating the water before the true boiling point is reached (CDC, 2009). CAWST recommends boiling water for 1 minute and adding 1 minute per 1000 metres of elevation. Recontamination of boiled water is a major problem. Water is often transferred from the pot into dirty storage containers which then make it unsafe to drink. It is recommended to store boiled water in its pot with a lid to reduce the risk of recontamination. Boiled tastes flat to some people. This is caused by dissolved oxygen escaping from the water as it boils. The flat taste can be reduced by vigorously stirring or shaking cooled water to increase its dissolved oxygen content. Boiling water (Credit: Phitar, 2005)
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet: Boiling Key Data Inlet Water Criteria Any water can be boiled Treatment Efficiency Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Chemicals Laboratory 100% 100% 100% 100% 0% 0% 3 Field 97-99% 1,2 Not available Not available Not available 0% 0% 1 Clasen, T. et al (2007) 2 Clasen, T. (2007) 3 May precipitate some dissolved chemicals Pathogens are killed when the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius Operating Criteria Flow Rate Batch Volume Daily Water Supply Not applicable Depends on container size Depends on container size and availability of fuel Boil water for 1 minute and add 1 minute per 1000 metres of elevation Boiled water should be kept in the pot covered with a lid until it is consumed Robustness Almost all households have the equipment required to boil water Requires fuel supply Users may not consistently boil water to save fuel and effort Estimated Lifespan On-going requirement for fuel Pots used for boiling need may need to be replaced over time Manufacturing Requirements Worldwide Producers: Not applicable Local Production: Not applicable Materials: Fuel (e.g. wood, charcoal, biomass, biogas, kerosene, propane, solar panels, electricity) Stove or heater Pot and lid Fabrication Facilities: Not applicable Labour: Regular collection of some fuels (e.g. wood, charcoal, other biomass)
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Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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