Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Product Sheet: Siphon Filter Approximate Dimensions: Diameter filter element: 60 mm (Tulip ® filter) High filter element: 100 mm Total volume (including package): 2.7 dm 3 During operation, the ceramic filter element inside the upper (source water) container needs to be elevated approximately 70 cm above the height of the lower (filtered water) container. Approximate Weight: Output: 0.45 kg (not including water containers) 4-6 L/hour Tulip Filter (Credit: www.300in6.org) Costs: US $7-12 Shipping: US $5-6 per filter (depending on quantity) Replacement ceramic filter element: US $3-4 Maintenance: Two options for filter cleaning: backwashing and scrubbing the filter element. Backwashing is done by closing the tap and squeezing the bulb, which forces the water back through the filter, pushing dirt particles out. Treatment Efficiency Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Chemicals Laboratory 94-100% 1,2 50-90% 2,3 > 90% 2 > 90% 2 96-99.8% 1,2 N/A Field 96% 1 N/A N/A N/A 81.2% 1 N/A N/A: Not available. 1 Ziff, 2009 2 Basic Water Needs BV/Pvt. 3 The pore size in the ceramic element may not be small enough to remove all viruses, however some viruses will be removed due to filtration, adsoption and reaction with the silver in the element. Further Information Akvopedia: www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Siphon_filter and www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Solution_of_the_week_6 CrystalPur filter (World Health Works): www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/WHW_onesheet.pdf Tulip Water Filter: www.tulipwaterfilters.com/ Basic Water Needs: www.basicwaterneeds.com References Basic Water Needs BV/Pty. Test results from independent laboratories (2010-2011) and product information published on filter manufacturer’s website: www.basicwaterneeds.com Ziff, S.E. (2009).Siphon filter assessment for Northern Ghana. Thesis (M.Eng.) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA.
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Ceramic Pot Filter Treatment Type Potential Treatment Capacity Very Effective For: Somewhat Effective For: Not Effective For: Bacteria Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Taste, odour, colour Viruses Iron Dissolved chemicals What is a Ceramic Pot Filter? Locally produced ceramics have been used to filter water for hundreds of years. Water is poured into a porous ceramic filter pot, and is collected in another container after it passes through the ceramic pot. Ceramic pot filters usually have a diameter of about 30 cm by 25 cm deep, with an 8 litre capacity. Two variations of ceramic filters, flat-bottom and round-bottom, are currently manufactured. The ceramic pot typically sits or hangs in the top of a larger plastic or ceramic container (20-30 litres), which is fitted with a tap at the bottom. A lid is placed on top of the filter to prevent contamination. The system both treats the water and provides safe storage until it is used. Ceramic pots are usually made from local clay mixed with a combustible material like sawdust, rice husks or coffee husks. The clay and combustible material are sieved through a fine mesh, and then mixed together with water until it forms a homogeneous mixture. The mixture is pressed into shape using a mold. When the pot is fired in a kiln, the combustible material burns out, leaving a network of fine pores through which the water can flow through. Colloidal silver is sometimes added to the clay mixture before firing or applied to the fired ceramic pot. Colloidal silver is an antibacterial which helps in pathogen removal, as well as preventing growth of bacteria within the filter itself. Some ceramic pot filters also include activated charcoal in the clay mixture to improve odour, taste, and colour. How Does It Remove Contamination? Pathogens and suspended material are removed from water through physical processes such as mechanical trapping and adsorption. Colloidal silver breaks down the pathogens’ cell walls causing them to die. Quality control on the size of the combustible materials used in the clay mix ensures that the filter pore size is small enough to prevent contaminants from passing through the filter. Colloidal silver aids treatment by breaking down pathogens’ cell membranes, causing them to die.
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