Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet: Nalgonda Technique Key Data Inlet Water Criteria Total dissolved solids (TDS) must be less than 1500 mg/L The process cannot be used in cases of fluoride concentration above 20 mg/L Treatment Efficiency Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Fluoride >90 to >90 to >90 to >90 to Laboratory >99% 1 >99% 1 >99% 1 >99% 1 Not available Up to 70% 4 < 90% 2 Field 95% 3 Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available 1 Sproul (1974), Leong (1982), Payment and Armon (1989) as cited in Sobsey, 2002 2 Ongerth (1990) as cited in Sobsey, 2002 3 Wrigley, 2007 4 Fawell et al., 2006 Maximum effectiveness requires careful control of coagulant dose, pH and consideration of the quality of the water being treated, as well as mixing Operating Criteria Flow Rate Batch Volume Daily Water Supply Not applicable 40 litres Unlimited Need to follow instructions Discarding the sludge from the Nalgonda process is considered to be an environmental health issue. The sludge is quite toxic because it contains the removed fluoride in a concentrated form. The sludge should be properly disposed (e.g. buried and covered in a pit). Robustness Difficult to optimize without training and equipment Requires supply chain, market availability and regular purchase Estimated Lifespan 6 months in liquid form and 1 year in solid form Manufacturing Requirements Worldwide Producers: Many producers around the world Local Production: The chemical products involved are difficult and complex to manufacture and local production is not always feasible Maintenance Chemicals should be stored in a dry location and away from children
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet: Nalgonda Technique Key Data Direct Cost Capital Cost Operating Cost Replacement Cost US$0 US$12/year 1 US$0 Note: Program, transportation and education costs are not included. Costs will vary depending on location. 1 Cavill, 2007. Assumed 20 litres/household/day. References Agarwal, K.C., S. K. Gupta, and A. B. Gupta (1999). Development of new low cost defluoridation technology (Krass). Water science and technology: 167–173. Banuchandra, C. and P. Selvapathy (2205). A household defluorodation technique. TWAD Technical Newsletter. Cavill, S. (2007). Appropriate treatment options for high levels of fluoride in groundwater, Naiva sha, Kenya. Dew Point. Fawell, J.Kirtley, K. Bailey, and World Health Organization (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water: Chapter 5, Removal of excessive fluoride. World Health Organization. Miller, K. (2007). Defluoridation of drinking water using appropriate sorption technologies. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, no. 8: 9245–9254. Lyengar L. (2002). Technologies for fluoride removal. Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, people and partnership, TP 40, Chapter 22. CAWST (Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology) Calgary, Alberta, Canada Website: www.cawst.org, Email: cawst@cawst.org Last Update: June 2011
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