Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...
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<strong>Household</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Treatment</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safe</strong> <strong>Storage</strong><br />
Fact Sheet: Clay<br />
Key Data<br />
Direct Cost<br />
Capital Cost Operating Cost Replacement Cost<br />
Not available Not available Not available<br />
Note: Program, transportation <strong>and</strong> education costs are not included. Costs will vary depending on location.<br />
<br />
Clay treatment for fluoride may only be cost effective if good quality, freshly burnt broken<br />
bricks are available on site or near to the users, <strong>and</strong> if the filter is prepared using low cost,<br />
locally available materials (WHO 2006)<br />
References<br />
Bjorvatn K. <strong>and</strong> A. Bardsen (1995). Use of activated clay for defluoridation of water. Ngurdoto,<br />
Tanzania.<br />
Bjorvatn K. <strong>and</strong> A. Bardsen (1995). Fluoride sorption isotherm on fired clay.Workshop on fluorosis<br />
<strong>and</strong> defluoridation of water. Publ. Int. Soc. Fluoride Res, 46–49.<br />
Cavill, S. (2007). Appropriate treatment options for high levels of fluoride in groundwater, Naiva<br />
sha, Kenya. Dew Point.<br />
Chidambaram S., A. L. Ramanathan, <strong>and</strong> S. Vasudevan (2004). Fluoride removal studies in<br />
water using natural materials: technical note. <strong>Water</strong> SA 29, no. 3: 339.<br />
Fawell, J.Kirtley, K. Bailey, <strong>and</strong> World Health Organization (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water:<br />
Chapter 5, Removal of excessive fluoride. World Health Organization.<br />
Lyengar L. (2002). Technologies for fluoride removal. Small Community <strong>Water</strong> Supplies:<br />
Technology, people <strong>and</strong> partnership, TP 40, Chapter 22.<br />
Miller, K. (2007). Defluoridation of drinking water using appropriate sorption technologies.<br />
Proceedings of the <strong>Water</strong> Environment Federation, no. 8: 9245–9254.<br />
Nagendra, R. (2003). Fluoride <strong>and</strong> environement – A review. Proceedings of the Third<br />
International Conference on Environment <strong>and</strong> Health, Chennai, India: Pages 386 – 399.<br />
Sajidu et al. (2008). Groundwater fluoride levels in villages of Southern Malawi <strong>and</strong> removal<br />
studies using bauxite, International Journal of Physical Sciences 3, no. 1: 001–011<br />
Wijesundara T. (2004). Low-cost defluoridation of water using broken bricks. in 30th WEDC<br />
International Conference.<br />
CAWST (Centre for Affordable <strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong> Sanitation Technology)<br />
Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
Website: www.cawst.org, Email: cawst@cawst.org<br />
Last Update: June 2011