Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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Household Water Treatment for Fluoride Removal Factsheet: Bone Char Filter Key Data Labour: Anyone can be trained to produce bone char Hazards: Safety precautions are needed when charring the bones Maintenance Replacement or regeneration of bone char (skilled labour required) Cleaned on a regular basis Direct Cost Capital Cost Operating Cost Replacement Cost US$17-23 1 US$1.8/1000 litres 2 US$1.8/1000 litres 2 Note: Program, transportation and education costs are not included. Costs will vary depending on location. 1 CDN, 2006 for the whole defluoridation unit and depending on tap type, Kenya 2 For bone char media replacement (CDN, 2006) References Albertus, J. (2000). Bone char quality and defluoridation capacity in contact precipitation. 3rd International Workshop on Fluorosis Prevention and Defluoridation of Water Session 1 Epidemiology: 57. Cavill, S. (2007). Appropriate treatment options for high levels of fluoride in groundwater, Naiva sha, Kenya. Dew Point. Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality (CDN) and K. Müller (2007). CDN's experiences in producing bone char. Kenya. Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality (CDN) and K. Müller (2006). CDN's defluoridation experiences on a household scale. Kenya. Available at: www.eawag.ch/forschung/qp/wrq/publications/pdfs/household_filters Fawell, J. Kirtley, K. Bailey, and World Health Organization (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water: Chapter 5, Removal of excessive fluoride. World Health Organization Korir H., K. Mueller, L. Korir, J. Kubai, E. Wanja, N. Wanjiku, J. Waweru, M.J. Mattle, L. Osterwatder and C.A. Johnson (2009). The Development of Bone Char-Based Filters For the Removal of Fluoride From Drinking Water. 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Lyengar L. (2002). Technologies for fluoride removal. Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, people and partnership, TP 40, Chapter 22. Miller, K. (2007). Defluoridation of drinking water using appropriate sorption technologies. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, No. 8: 9245–9254. Nagendra, R. (2003). Fluoride and environment – A review. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India: Pages 386 – 399. Watanesk, S. and R. Watanesk (2000). Sorption study for defluoridation by bone Char. Session 1 Epidemiology: 80. CAWST (Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology) Calgary, Alberta, Canada Website: www.cawst.org, Email: cawst@cawst.org Last Update: June 2011
Household Water Treatment for Fluoride Removal Factsheet: Clay Potential Treatment Capacity Very Effective For: Somewhat Effective For: Not Effective For: Fluoride Turbidity Bacteria Protozoa Helminths Viruses Chemicals What Is Clay? Clay is a very fine textured earthy material. It is composed mainly of very small particles of hydrous aluminium silicates, other minerals and may include other materials. It is used for making pottery (ceramics), brick and tile. Both clay powder and fired (baked) clay are capable of removing fluoride and other contaminants from water. The ability of clay to clarify turbid water is well known and it is believed to have been used in households in ancient Egypt (WHO, 2006). Clay can be used in powder form in a bucket system, or freshly fired clay/brick chips can be used in column filters. The use of clay powder in column filters is possible, but it is troublesome because of difficulties in packing the columns and controlling the flow. How Does It Remove Contamination? Clay is a good flocculent and absorbent for removing fluoride, because of its relatively high density (the particles are heavy).So once the fluoride attaches to the clay particles, it settles out well. The best clay for fluoride removal has high levels of iron oxide and aluminium (e.g. bauxites, goethite/ hematite). The removal process is an ion exchange between fluoride and iron or aluminium. Operation Domestic clay column filters are normally packed using fired (burnt) clay chips. The fired clay chips can be found as waste from the manufacturing of brick, pottery or tile. The Clay Column Defluoridator (pictured) is an example of a burnt clay filter used in Sri Lanka. It is a layered column of freshly fired brick chips, pebbles and crushed coconut shells. Water is passed through the unit upwards (from the bottom to the top). The filters can be made out PVC pipe or cement. In the columns, brick chip sizes are generally between 15 and 20 mm. The firing/burning of the clay is important because it activates the aluminium oxide which reacts with the fluoride. Once the clay is fired it is also easier to break into clay chips. Column filter used in Sri Lanka (Credit: WHO, 2006) In the bucket system, clay powder is added at large dosages to water, stirred and left to settle for several hours. The clean water is scooped or decanted off the top. The sludge in the bottom of the bucket must be disposed of appropriately away from water sources. This method cannot be used for source water with high concentrations of fluoride (above 3 mg/L, WHO 2006). Clay pottery can also be used if the water is allowed to drip through the clay. Since water is often stored in clay pots in many cultures this method may be quite feasible in communities where the aluminum oxide concentration in the soil (and therefore in the clay pots) is high. The storage time in the pots varies depending on the aluminum oxide level in the clay.
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