Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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Household Water Treatment for Arsenic Removal Fact Sheet: Oxidation References Roberts, L.C., S.J. Hug, T. Ruettimann, MD.M. Billah, A.W. Khan, and M.T. Rahman, (2003). Arsenic removal with iron(II) and iron(III) in waters with high silicate and phosphate concentrations (2003). Environmental Science & Technology, Web Published November 18, 2003, VOL 38 NO.1, 2004 Available at: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0343205 Sutherland, D., M. Woolgar, Dr. Nuruzzaman, T. Claydon. (2001). Rapid assessment of household level arsenic removal technologies: Phase II Executive Summary. WS Atkins International Ltd., Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project and Water Aid Bangladesh. Bangladesh and United Kingdom. Available at: www.wateraid.org/documents/phs2execsum.pdf Full Phase I Report available at: www.wateraid.org/documents/phs1report.pdf Full Phase II Report available at: www.wateraid.org/documents/phs2fullrpt.pdf World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (2005). Towards a more effective operational response: Arsenic contamination of groundwater in South and East Asia countries, Volumes I & II. Available at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:22392781~page PK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html Further Information Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic (SORAS): SORAS Paper. By: Martin Wegelin, Daniel Gechter, Stephan Hug, Abdullah Mahmud, Abdul Motaleb. No Date. Available at: http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic/remediation/sodis/SORAS_Paper.html Presentation: Arsenic Removal by Solar Oxidation in Groundwater of Los Pereyra Tucumán Province, Argentina. By: J. d´Hiriart, M.V. Hidalgo, National University of Tucumán, M.G. García, National University of Córdoba, and M.I. Litter, M.A. Blesa National Atomic Commission Argentina. No Date. Available at: www.cnea.gov.ar/xxi/ambiental/iberoarsen/docs/presentationAs2006litter.pdf Presentation: Innovative and Sustainable Technologies to Address the Global Arsenic Crisis. By: Susan Murcott and Tommy Ngai, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2005.) Available at: www.sandia.gov/water/Arsenic2005/2005tech_session/Murcott_pres.pdf Asia Arsenic Network Filter: Delawar, H.K.M. et al. (2006). A Comparative Study of Household Groundwater Arsenic Removal Technologies and Their Water Quality Parameters. Journal of Applied Sciences 6(10):2193-2200. Available at: www.scialert.net/pdfs/jas/2006/2193- 2200.pdf?sess=jJghHkjfd76K8JKHgh76JG7FHGDredhgJgh7GkjH7Gkjg57KJhT&userid=jhfgJKH78Jgh7GkjH7G kjg57KJhT68JKHgh76JG7Ff CAWST (Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology) Calgary, Alberta, Canada Website: www.cawst.org, Email: cawst@cawst.org Last Update: June 2011
Household Water Treatment for Fluoride Removal Factsheet: Activated Alumina Filter Potential Treatment Capacity Very Effective For: Somewhat Effective For: Not Effective For: Fluoride Arsenic Turbidity Taste, odour, colour Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Hardness What Is Activated Alumina Filter? Activated alumina, also called aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) granular, is one of the most widely used materials for the removal of chemicals from water. This highly porous material is prepared by low temperature (300-600°C) dehydration of aluminium hydroxides. Activated alumina grains are packed in a filter like sand. When water passes through it, certain contaminants in the water adsorb (stick) to the activated alumina. Activated alumina removes fluoride from water, and can also be used for arsenic removal (see the corresponding Arsenic Removal by Adsorption factsheet). How Does It Remove Contamination? Fluoride is removed from water through an exchange reaction at the surface of the activated alumina. Fluoride adsorbs to the alumina more easily than other molecules in water. This results in high defluoridation capacity. According to laboratory tests, the fluoride removal capacity of alumina is between 4 and 15mg of fluoride per gram alumina (Hao and Huang, 1986). However, field experience shows that the removal capacity is often about 1mg/g (COWI, 1998). The treatment capacity also depends on the specific grade (quality) of activated alumina, the particle size and the water chemistry (pH, alkalinity and fluoride concentrations). The optimum dosage of activated alumina for a particular source water needs to be determined by conducting a jar test experiment. Activated Alumina-based Household Defluoridation Operation (Credit: Lyengar, 2002) There are different kinds of activated alumina filters. One of them consists of two containers (see above diagram). The upper container holds the activated alumina (3 kg, depth of 17 cm, Lyengar 2002). The top of this container can be covered with a perforated stainless steel disc to avoid disturbing the media when water is poured in. It should also be covered by a lid. The lower container can be any kind of bucket or pot with tap, used for storing the treated water.
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