- Page 1: Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API
- Page 5 and 6: API 577 - Advanced Welding Inspecti
- Page 7: This recommended practice provides
- Page 11 and 12: Content: 1 SCOPE 2 REFERENCES 2.1 C
- Page 13 and 14: 6 WELDING PROCEDURE 6.1 General 6.2
- Page 15 and 16: 10 METALLURGY 10.1 General 10.2 The
- Page 17 and 18: 1 Scope
- Page 19 and 20: This recommended practice provides
- Page 21 and 22: This recommended practice provides
- Page 23 and 24: This recommended practice provides
- Page 25 and 26: This recommended practice provides
- Page 27 and 28: Keywords: Fulfilling their role imp
- Page 29 and 30: API 570 Piping Inspection Code: In-
- Page 31 and 32: API RP 582 Recommended Practice Wel
- Page 33 and 34: API 510: 8.1 SCOPE AND SPECIFIC EXE
- Page 48 and 49: The level of learning and training
- Page 50: Study Harder
- Page 53 and 54: Problems encountered during welding
- Page 55: Welds selected for inspection, and
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A welding engineer should be consul
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2 References
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2.1 CODES AND STANDARDS The followi
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ASME • B31.3 Process Piping • B
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2.2 OTHER REFERENCES The following
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AWS • JWE Jefferson’s Welding E
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Content: 3 DEFINITIONS.
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Fillet Weld Actual throat Theoretic
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Arc strike
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Arc blow
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3.12 burn-through: A non-standard t
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3.16 defect: A discontinuity or dis
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3.22 fillet weld size: For equal le
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Electrodes
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HAZoning
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3.26 heat input: the energy supplie
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Hot cracking
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Hot cracking http://en.wikipedia.or
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3.31 inspector: An individual who i
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Qualified & Certified Inspectors ht
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Qualified & Certified Inspectors
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Figure A-1—Joint Types and Applic
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Figure A-1—Joint Types and Applic
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lamellar tear
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Longitudinal crack
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PMI
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PMI
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PMI
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3.45 peening: The mechanical workin
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Porosity
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Slag Inclusions
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Slag inclusions http://www.ge-mcs.c
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Porosity
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3.61 tungsten inclusion: A disconti
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Transverse crack
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Transverse Crack
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TIG Welding - Tungsten Inclusions
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TIG Welding - Tungsten Inclusions
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weldment: An assembly whose compone
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weld reinforcement weld toe
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weld reinforcement weld toe
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4 Welding Inspection
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4.1 GENERAL Welding inspection is a
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4.2.1 Drawings, Codes, and Standard
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4.2.1 Drawings, Codes, and Standard
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4.2.2 Weldment Requirements Review
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Review requirements for the weldmen
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4.2.3 Procedures and Qualification
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ASME IX: ARTICLE II WELDING PROCEDU
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4.2.5 Welding Equipment and Instrum
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Welding Equipment and Instruments
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Heat Treatment and Pressure Testing
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Materials
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Materials
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4.2.8 Weld Preparation Confirm weld
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4.2.9 Preheat Confirm the preheat e
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4.3 TASKS DURING WELDING OPERATIONS
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4.3.2 Welding Parameters and Techni
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4.3.3 Weldment Examination Complete
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In-process ferrite measurement
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Schaeffer diagram
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4.4 TASKS UPON COMPLETION OF WELDIN
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f. PMI of the weld, if required, an
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Field hardness check
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4.4.2.2 Potential inspector actions
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h. Temperature monitoring system ca
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4.4.4 Pressure Testing Verify press
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4.4.5 Documentation Audit Perform a
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4.6 NDE EXAMINER CERTIFICATION The
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Sevan Driller II http://www.cosco-s
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Sevan Driller I
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Content: 5 WELDING PROCESSES 5.1 Ge
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Equipments & Piping http://www.heat
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Equipments & Piping
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Equipments & Piping
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5.1 GENERAL The inspector should un
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5.2.1 Electrode Covering Depending
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Shielded metal arc welding
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SMAW
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SMAW
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SMAW- Underwater Welding
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SMAW- Structural Welding
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SMAW- WPQ Welder Performance Qualif
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Equipment is relatively simple, ine
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Tack Welding
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SMAW- Large Tack Weld for Thick Wel
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SMAW- Pipeline Welding
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SMAW- WPQ Test Coupon
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SMAW- AWS Test Positions
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5.3 GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW)
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Gas tungsten arc welding http://www
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The cleaning action occurs during t
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GTAW
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GTAW / TIG Welding
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TIG weld without addition of filler
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TIG - Gas Nozzles
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Tungsten Electrodes
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Tungsten Electrodes
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5.4 GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW) GM
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Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) CV
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GMAW CV
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Gas metal arc welding GMAW / MIG (m
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Short Circuit mode http://www.ualbe
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Conceptual schematic of metal trans
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Globular transfer mode http://www.u
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Globular transfer mode http://www.u
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Globular transfer mode CV
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Spray transfer mode http://www.ualb
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Pulsed GMAW - Modified Spray Mode C
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Pulse Spray transfer mode http://ww
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GMAW-MIG CV
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GMAW-MIG CV
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GMAW-MIG CV
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GMAW- Automation
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GMAW- Branch Pipe Welding
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GMAW- Stainless Steel Piping
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Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
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FCAW CV
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FCAW-Self shield CV
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FCAW
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FCAW
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FCAW CV
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5.5.1 Advantages of FCAW Some commo
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5.6.1 Advantages of SAW Some common
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)
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SAW Twin electrodes in tandem with
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SAW- Portable single Electrode Unit
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Spiral welding SAW- API 5LS
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SAW- Pressure Vessel Conical Head W
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2G SAW - Tank Semi-Automatic Weldin
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SAW SAW- Internal Welding Leg Cane
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SAW- Welding on a Rotorary Wheel Se
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SAW- Pressure Vessel
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SAW- Structural Mud Mats
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5.7 STUD ARC WELDING (SW) SW is an
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Stud arc welding (SW)
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Stud arc welding (SW)
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Stud arc welding (SW)
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Further Reading: (Non Examination)
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1.0 General Pulse spray gas metal a
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Short-circuiting is a low-heat-inpu
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1.4 The Spray Transfer Mode Spray t
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1.5 Pulse-Spray Transfer Mode As wi
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Equipment for short-circuit welding
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2.0 General The gas metal arc weldi
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The most predominant solid stainles
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2.2 Globular Transfer Globular tran
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2.3 Spray Transfer Mode Spray trans
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Spray transfer is achieved with hig
- Page 386 and 387:
The major factor in choosing a carb
- Page 388 and 389:
Generally, the same shielding gases
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4.0 CV/CC Transfer Mode A CV power
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Current Transfer Modes: CC http://w
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End of reading!
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Content: 6 WELDING PROCEDURE 6.1 Ge
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WPS/PQR
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construction codes and proprietary
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Welding procedures required by ASME
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The completed WPS for a welding pro
- Page 409 and 410:
328.2.3 Performance Qualification b
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6.2.2 Other Requirements The WPS sh
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PQR 6.3 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION REC
- Page 415 and 416:
The format of the PQR is not fixed,
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Tensile Specimen
- Page 419 and 420:
http://info.admet.com/blog/ bid/259
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Tensile testing: Stress Strain Diag
- Page 424 and 425:
Vickers Hardness Testing
- Page 426 and 427:
Weld Hardness Testing
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Charpy Impact Testing
- Page 430 and 431:
Guided Bend Test
- Page 432 and 433:
Guided Bend Test
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1. The initial step is to verify th
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WPS
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k. Diameter (for piping) the proced
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6.4.2 Items to be Included in the P
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The review should confirm that the
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WPS for Offshore Spar
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WPS for Offshore Spar
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WPS for Process Piping
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Content: 7 WELDING MATERIALS 7.1 Ge
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7.1 GENERAL Welding materials refer
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P-Numbers
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Welders who qualify with one filler
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7.4 AWS CLASSIFICATION OF FILLER ME
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F-Numbers
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A-Numbers
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7.7 CONSUMABLE STORAGE AND HANDLING
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8: Welder Qualification
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8.1 GENERAL Welder performance qual
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The record of the WPQ test includes
- Page 472 and 473:
8.3 REVIEWING A WPQ 8.3.1 Review Pr
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8.3.2 Verifying the Qualification R
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Content: 9 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINAT
- Page 478 and 479:
9.1 DISCONTINUITIES Non-destructive
- Page 480:
Table 4 lists the various weld join
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NDT Capability: Exercises
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NDT Capability: Exercises
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Table 6- Discontinuities Commonly E
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PMI
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PMI
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Keywords: • eye within 6 in. - 24
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Vision Test
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Bluetooth Remote Inspection - Hand-
- Page 502 and 503:
Remote Controlled Visual Inspection
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9.3.2 Visual Inspection Tools To vi
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Light meter
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Borescope
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Square Sets
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Plum Bob
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Levelling Gauge
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Micrometer Screw Gauge
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Profile Gauge
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9.3.2.3 Weld Examination Devices Ty
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c. Fillet weld gauge—offers a qui
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Measures the angle of the vertical
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A quick go/no-go gauge used to meas
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A quick go/no-go gauge used to meas
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Hi-lo welding gauge
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Hi-lo welding gauge
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Temperature sensitive crayons
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9.4 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION (
- Page 538 and 539:
MPI
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MPI
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MPI
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For added sensitivity, wet fluoresc
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9.4.2 Magnetic Flux Direction Indic
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Pie Gauge
- Page 551 and 552:
Pie Gauge
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MT-Calibration Shims
- Page 555 and 556:
MT- Wet fluorescent magnetic partic
- Page 557 and 558:
MT- Wet fluorescent magnetic partic
- Page 559 and 560:
MT- Wet fluorescent magnetic partic
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Magnetic Particle Testing
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Magnetic Particle Testing
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Drilling Rig in Operations
- Page 567 and 568:
MT-Underwater
- Page 569 and 570:
TKY Joints Magnetic Particle Testin
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Magnetic Particle Testing
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Magnetic Particle Testing
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Magnetic Particle Testing
- Page 577 and 578:
Magnetic Particle Testing
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Demagnetization
- Page 581 and 582:
Gauss Meter
- Page 583 and 584:
9.5 ALTERNATING CURRENT FIELD MEASU
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The ACFM technique This technique i
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Two components of the magnetic fiel
- Page 589:
A physical measurement of defect le
- Page 592 and 593:
ACFM- Equipments
- Page 594 and 595:
ACFM: Operational Principles An ACF
- Page 596 and 597:
Figure 1 shows schematically how th
- Page 598 and 599:
In standard applications two field
- Page 600 and 601:
Figure 2 Crack depth max Crack tip
- Page 602 and 603:
The ACFM method works both above an
- Page 604 and 605:
ACFM-Thread Inspection
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ACFM- No Paint Removal
- Page 608 and 609:
ACFM- Experiences in the use of ACF
- Page 610 and 611:
The halogens or halogen elements (/
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The two general penetrant technique
- Page 614 and 615:
Compatibility with base metals, wel
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PT- Color Contrast Method
- Page 618 and 619:
PT- Color Contrast Method
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PT- Color Contrast Method
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PT- Color Contrast Method
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PT- Fluorescent Method
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9.7 EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION (ET) Ed
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9.8 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION (RT) 9.
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RT profile radiography
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RT- X Ray
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RT- Sources
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RT- X Ray
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RT- Gamma Ray
- Page 650 and 651:
RT- Gamma Ray
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RT- Gamma Ray
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RT- Gamma Ray
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RT- Crawler
- Page 658 and 659:
RT Interpretation
- Page 660 and 661:
WPS/PQR RT- Techniques
- Page 663 and 664:
RT- Techniques
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RT- Interpretations
- Page 668 and 669:
Digital RT
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ASME Section V, Article 2, paragrap
- Page 672 and 673:
9.8.2 Image Quality Indicators (Pen
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IQI- Image Quality Indicators GB
- Page 676:
IQI- Image Quality Indicators
- Page 679 and 680:
IQI- Hole Types
- Page 683 and 684:
Hole type IQI
- Page 685 and 686:
. Hole-type IQIs (penetrameters) ar
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IQIs (penetrameters) are selected b
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The hole that is required to be vis
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9.8.3 Radiographic Film Radiographi
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9.8.4 Radioactive Source Selection
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Gamma Ray Radiography: Source
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Gamma Ray Radiography: Source
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Gamma Ray Radiography: Source
- Page 702 and 703:
FIGURE B-4 Decay scheme for the bet
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Ir192
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Co 60
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Co 60
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9.8.5 Film Processing Exposed film
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Film processing
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9.8.7 Radiographic Identification T
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Fig7: Four exposures of on-stream a
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Planar defects
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Planar Discontinuities
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RT Principles Planar defect normal
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Single wall single viewing
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For materials and for welds in comp
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Alternatively, the weld may be radi
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DWDI- Elliptical
- Page 734 and 735:
9.8.9 Evaluation of Radiographs The
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Low power magnification devices (1.
- Page 738:
9.8.9.3 Radiographic Density Film d
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Similar to the decibel, using the l
- Page 743 and 744:
A densitometer or step wedge compar
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Step wedge
- Page 747 and 748:
9.8.9.5 Interpretation Radiographic
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9.8.10 Radiographic Examination Rec
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Cathode Ray Tube- X ray Tube
- Page 753 and 754:
X-Ray
- Page 755 and 756:
Figure 33—Incomplete or Lack of P
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Figure 35—Cluster Porosity 1. Rou
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GMAW LOF
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Figure 37—Elongated Slag (Wagon T
- Page 763 and 764:
Wagon Tracks
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Burn Through
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Burn Through
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Figure 39—Offset or Mismatch with
- Page 771 and 772:
Weld Joint
- Page 773 and 774:
Figure 41—Internal (Root) Undercu
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Figure 43—Tungsten Inclusions 1.
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9.9 ULTRASONIC INSPECTION (UT)
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9.9 UT Testing 9.9.1 Ultrasonic Ins
- Page 781:
UT Shear and Longitudinal Waves
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Figure 45—A-scan
- Page 787 and 788:
Figure 46—B-scan
- Page 789 and 790:
B-Scan http://www.silverwingndt.com
- Page 791 and 792:
C-Scan http://www.ni.com/white-pape
- Page 793 and 794:
The C-scan display (see Figure 47)
- Page 795 and 796:
Shear wave or angle beam techniques
- Page 797 and 798:
9.9.1 Ultrasonic Inspection System
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Calibration Blocks http://www.strou
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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UT Testing
- Page 815 and 816:
UT Testing- Mock-up Sample
- Page 817 and 818:
For high temperature work, special
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9.9.1.1 Echo Evaluation with DAC Th
- Page 821 and 822:
Unknown reflectors (flaws) are eval
- Page 823 and 824:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvKK
- Page 826 and 827:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
- Page 828:
WPS/PQR
- Page 833 and 834:
Unknown reflectors (flaws) are eval
- Page 835 and 836:
Figure 49—DAC Curve for an Unknow
- Page 837 and 838:
Indications
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9.9.2 Surface Preparation Prior to
- Page 842 and 843:
UT Transducers
- Page 844 and 845:
UT Transducers
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UT Transducers
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Angulations
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Lamination Checks http://www.china-
- Page 853 and 854:
Lamination Checks
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Lamination Checks
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Lamination Checks
- Page 859 and 860:
Lamination Checks
- Page 861 and 862:
UT Testing of Weld Skip = 2 x Thick
- Page 863 and 864:
Skip = 2 x Thickness x Tan(60)
- Page 865 and 866:
Evaluation of indications however,
- Page 867 and 868:
Butt weld defects Longitudinal Crac
- Page 869 and 870:
9.9.6 Automated Ultrasonic Testing
- Page 871 and 872:
Altogether 5 methods; 1. 6 db drop
- Page 873 and 874:
The intensity drop sizing technique
- Page 875 and 876:
The 6 dB drop technique
- Page 877 and 878:
6dB Drop Technique http://www.twi-g
- Page 879 and 880:
9.9.7.1 The ID Creeping Wave Method
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9.9.7.2 The Tip Diffraction Method
- Page 883 and 884:
9.9.7.4 The Bimodal Method The bimo
- Page 885 and 886:
AUT Vs RT http://www.olympus-ims.co
- Page 887 and 888:
AUT Vs RT
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TOFD http://www.mhps.com/en/technol
- Page 891 and 892:
Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
- Page 893 and 894:
9.10 HARDNESS TESTING
- Page 895 and 896:
Welding Guidelines for the Chemical
- Page 897 and 898:
Vickers Hardness
- Page 899 and 900:
Hardness Testing
- Page 901 and 902:
Hardness Testing
- Page 903 and 904:
Hardness Testing
- Page 905:
Weld Macro
- Page 908 and 909:
Hardness Testing
- Page 910 and 911:
Portable Hardness Testing
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Portable Hardness Testing
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Portable Hardness Testing
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Portable Hardness Testing
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Portable Hardness Testing
- Page 920 and 921:
Portable Hardness Testing
- Page 922 and 923:
Portable Hardness Testing
- Page 924 and 925:
Portable Hardness Testing
- Page 926 and 927:
Pressure Testing- Safety First
- Page 928 and 929:
Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
- Page 932 and 933:
Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
- Page 942 and 943:
Pressure Testing
- Page 944 and 945:
Pressure Testing- Incidence
- Page 946 and 947:
Pressure Testing- Incidence
- Page 948 and 949:
Pressure Testing- Incidence http://
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Pressure Testing- Incidence
- Page 952 and 953:
Pressure Testing- Risk
- Page 954 and 955:
Pressure Testing- Risk
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Pressure Testing- Risk
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Pressure Testing- Risk
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Pressure Testing- Risk
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Pressure Testing- Risk
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Pneumatic pressure tests Pneumatic
- Page 966 and 967:
Direct pressure bubble test One of
- Page 968 and 969:
Bubble Leak Test- Vacuum Box
- Page 970 and 971:
Leak Testing- Ultrasonic Leak Detec
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9.12 WELD INSPECTION DATA RECORDING
- Page 974:
e. For each indication: I. Indicati
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Content: 10 METALLURGY 10.1 General
- Page 980 and 981:
10.2 THE STRUCTURE OF METALS AND AL
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http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE209
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Phase Diagram http://www.azom.com/a
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10.2.1 The Structure of Castings Th
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HAZ- Heat Affected Zone
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HAZ http://www.oocities.org/ferrit
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1mm / 1mm 0.2mm 0.2+1+1= 2.2 mm API
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Steel & Alloy- Grains
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Steel & Alloy- Microvoid Coalescenc
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Minimizing trace elements or “inc
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Casting
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Discussion: Why Wrought products ar
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Wrought materials may consist of on
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Hypoeutectic Steel - Annealed
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Steel & Alloy- Annealed Pearlite
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1055 Steel Annealed 1055, used in s
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4140 Steel http://en.wikipedia.org/
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4140 Steel Q&T
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The metallurgy of each weld area is
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Dendritic - usually solidify in the
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Dendrite- usually solidify in the s
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Weld Macro- CS
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The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is adj
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http://www.twi-global.com/technical
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Overlay Welding
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The third component in a welded joi
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An important factor in selecting sh
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10.3.1 Melting Temperature The melt
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Phase Diagram
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Phase Diagram http://www.calphad.co
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10.3.3 Electrical Conductivity The
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Aluminum Welds
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Metals with a high coefficient of t
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Weld porosity
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A gas with a higher density is more
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Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
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Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
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Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
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Charpy Testing Samples
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Charpy impact testing
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Hardness testing- Hardness tester
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Hardness testing
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Hardness testing
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Ductility- Bend Tests
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10.4.1 Tensile and Yield Strength T
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For design purposes, the maximum us
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Note 1 A= proportional limit, B=ela
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Tensile Testing
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Actual tensile testing plot Elastic
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Elongation is the increase in gage
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The design of items should be based
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Bend Testing
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ASTM E290- Guided bend testing
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Bend Testing
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Bend Testing
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Knoop and Vickers Hardness Tester
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http://wes.ir/files/6936303material
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Rockwell hardness testing differs f
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Vickers hardness testing follows th
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http://www.twi-global.com/technical
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The type of notch and the impact te
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Online Metallurgy Course: http://ww
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Online Metallurgy Course http://210
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Online Metallurgy Course-Steel Maki
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Steels - The Structure of Engineeri
- Page 1124 and 1125:
Steels - The Structure of Engineeri
- Page 1126 and 1127:
Crystal Structures
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Phase Diagram
- Page 1131 and 1132:
Austenite
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This is a hypereutectoid alloy and
- Page 1136 and 1137:
Pearlite Pearlite is a phase mixtur
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This steel is of the eutectoid comp
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http://www.gowelding.com/met/carbon
- Page 1142 and 1143:
Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
- Page 1144 and 1145:
Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
- Page 1146 and 1147:
Bainite If the steel is cooled such
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FIGURE 2. The TTT diagram for aisi
- Page 1150 and 1151:
Bainite https://www.flickr.com/sear
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R e 0.2% Yield strength is the amou
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http://www.gowelding.com/weld/prehe
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End of reading! http://oregonstate.
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Preheating
- Page 1160 and 1161:
Preheating
- Page 1162 and 1163:
Preheating, for our purposes, is de
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If preheat is specified in the WPS
- Page 1166 and 1167:
10.6 POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT Post-
- Page 1168 and 1169:
The primary reason for post-weld he
- Page 1170 and 1171:
PWHT (stress relief) can be applied
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Typical PWHT Chart
- Page 1174 and 1175:
PWHT- Typical PWHT Chart
- Page 1176 and 1177:
PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT- Local
- Page 1190 and 1191:
PWHT- Local
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PWHT- Local
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PWHT- Local
- Page 1196 and 1197:
PWHT- Equipments
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PWHT- Equipments
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PWHT- Equipments
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PWHT- Equipments
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Fun-Photo: Induction Bending Pipe b
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10.7 HARDENING Hardening or hardena
- Page 1208 and 1209:
AISI 1040 / 4340 http://www.azom.co
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AISI 4340 http://www.efunda.com/mat
- Page 1213 and 1214:
Welding- Thick plate welding
- Page 1215 and 1216:
Thick plate welding
- Page 1217 and 1218:
Weld Macro- Geometry
- Page 1219 and 1220:
Weld Macro- Geometry
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Weld Macro- Geometry
- Page 1223 and 1224:
Jominy Bar
- Page 1225 and 1226:
Jominy Bar
- Page 1227 and 1228:
Jominy Bar
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Hardening of the weld and base meta
- Page 1231 and 1232:
HIC- Hydrogen Induced Cracking
- Page 1233 and 1234:
HIC- Hydrogen Induced Cracking
- Page 1235 and 1236:
HIC- Hydrogen Induced Cracking
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TTT Curve
- Page 1239 and 1240:
Martensite
- Page 1241 and 1242:
A product analysis is a statement o
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
- Page 1247 and 1248:
Billets/Ingots
- Page 1249 and 1250:
Billets/Ingots
- Page 1251 and 1252:
Heat analysis- Billets/Ingots
- Page 1253 and 1254:
Billets/Ingots- Steel Mill Ladle An
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Product analysis- Pipe
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i. Any supplemental information or
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Grain size determination
- Page 1261 and 1262:
Fracture toughness
- Page 1263 and 1264:
Elevated mechanical property testin
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The inspector should review the mat
- Page 1267 and 1268:
http://www.slideshare.net/fullscree
- Page 1269 and 1270:
Quiz 1) See the figure below for po
- Page 1271 and 1272:
End of reading!
- Page 1273 and 1274:
10.9 WELDABILITY OF STEELS There ar
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10.9.1 Metallurgy and Weldability A
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There are some elements present in
- Page 1279 and 1280:
10.9.2 Weldability Testing One of t
- Page 1281 and 1282:
Fabrication weldability tests that
- Page 1283 and 1284:
Weld restraint induces stresses tha
- Page 1285 and 1286:
Table 12—Weld Crack Tests
- Page 1287 and 1288:
10.10.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels
- Page 1289 and 1290:
The most common measure of weldabil
- Page 1291:
Weldability of austenitic stainless
- Page 1294 and 1295:
Welding can reduce the corrosion re
- Page 1296 and 1297:
Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Cor
- Page 1298 and 1299:
Stainless Weld
- Page 1300 and 1301:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1302 and 1303:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1304 and 1305:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1307 and 1308:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1309 and 1310:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1311 and 1312:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1313 and 1314:
Inert Backing Gas
- Page 1315 and 1316:
10.10.2 Nickel Alloys Nickel alloys
- Page 1317 and 1318:
Sluggish tendency- LOF
- Page 1319 and 1320:
Sluggish tendency- LOF
- Page 1321 and 1322:
Nickel alloys are also susceptible
- Page 1323 and 1324:
11 Refinery and Petrochemical Plant
- Page 1325 and 1326:
11.1 GENERAL This section provides
- Page 1327 and 1328:
Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
- Page 1333 and 1334:
Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
- Page 1337 and 1338:
Burn Through
- Page 1339 and 1340:
Burn through: un-melted area beneat
- Page 1341 and 1342:
Electrode Considerations http://www
- Page 1343 and 1344:
11.2.2 Flow Rates Under most condit
- Page 1345 and 1346:
For making attachment welds to equi
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An appropriate flow rate should be
- Page 1349 and 1350:
Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
- Page 1351 and 1352:
Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
- Page 1353 and 1354:
Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
- Page 1355 and 1356:
Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
- Page 1357 and 1358:
Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
- Page 1359:
Adverse effects can also occur from
- Page 1362 and 1363:
11.3 LACK OF FUSION WITH GMAW-S WEL
- Page 1364 and 1365:
The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) pr
- Page 1366 and 1367:
Since the transfer mode may be diff
- Page 1368 and 1369:
Hazards
- Page 1370 and 1371:
Hazards
- Page 1372 and 1373:
Mechanical Integrity
- Page 1374 and 1375:
Competent Inspectors http://amirazl