Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API ICP Self Study Notes

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API 577 Advanced Welding Inspection & Metallurgy Professional Program - Exam Information Exam Details 1. API 577 Certification program tests individual’s knowledge and expertise in the field of Welding and Metallurgy. Questions on this examination are based on API Recommended Practice 577 – Welding Inspection and Metallurgy. 2. There are a total of 70 questions, all multiple-choice and closed-book. 3. The exam is 4 hours long and will be administered via computer at a Prometric computer testing center. 4. This examination has a set passing point of 70%, or 49 correctly answered questions. 5. Papers and books are not allowed in Prometric’s computer testing centers.
This recommended practice provides guidance to the API authorized inspector on welding inspection as encountered with (1) fabrication and (2) repair of refinery and chemical plant equipment and piping.
Page 1: Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API
Page 5: API 577 - Advanced Welding Inspecti
Page 10 and 11: Speaker: Fion Zhang 2014/5/4
Page 12 and 13: 5 WELDING PROCESSES 5.1 General 5.2
Page 14 and 15: 9 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION 9.1 D
Page 16 and 17: 11 REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANT
Page 18 and 19: Content: 1 SCOPE
Page 20 and 21: This recommended practice provides
Page 28 and 29: API 577 is to aid the inspector in
Page 30 and 31: API Std 653 Tank Inspection, Repair
Page 32 and 33: How this API Standard relates with
Page 34: Typical E&P services are vessels as
Page 49 and 50: Keywords: The level of learning and
Page 52 and 53: This recommended practice does not
Page 54 and 55: This recommended practice does not
Page 58 and 59:
The importance, difficulty, and pro
Page 60:
A welding engineer should be consul
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Content: 2 REFERENCES 2.1 Codes and
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API • API 510 Pressure Vessel Ins
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AWS • A2.4 Standard Symbols for W
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API • RP 572 Inspection of Pressu
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3 Definitions
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The following definitions apply for
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3.2 air carbon arc cutting (CAC-A):
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Arc blow
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3.6 arc welding (AW): A group of we
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Crack
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3.20 distortion: The change in shap
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HAZ
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HAZ
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HAZ http://www.twi-global.com/techn
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Hot Cracking
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Hot cracking These cracks are known
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Both solidification cracking and ho
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Inspector: An individual who is qua
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Qualified & Certified Inspectors
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Qualified & Certified Inspectors
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Figure A-1—Joint Types and Applic
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3.36 lack of fusion (LOF): A non-st
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Lamellar tear
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3.41 nondestructive examination (ND
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PMI
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PMI
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PMI
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This is API 577 special way of defi
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3.51 root face: The portion of the
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Slag Inclusion
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Slag Inclusions
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3.58 throat theoretical: The distan
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3.22 fillet weld size: For equal le
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Transverse Cracks
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Tungsten Inclusions - TIG Welding
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TIG Welding - Tungsten Inclusions
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3.64 welder certification: Written
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3.69 weld reinforcement: Weld metal
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weld toe weld reinforcement
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weld toe weld reinforcement
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Content: 4 WELDING INSPECTION 4.1 G
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4.2 TASKS PRIOR TO WELDING The impo
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4.2.1 Drawings, Codes, and Standard
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i. Preheat requirements and accepta
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Review requirements for the weldmen
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4.2.2.1 Quality control items to as
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4.2.4 NDE Information Confirm the N
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Welding Equipment and Instruments
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4.2.6 Heat Treatment and Pressure T
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4.2.7 Materials Ensure all filler m
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Materials
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Page 181 and 182:
Weld Preparation- Fit-up & Dimensio
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4.2.10 Welding Consumables Confirm
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4.3.1 Quality Assurance Establish a
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. Mock-up weldment, if required, me
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In-process ferrite measurement
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In-process ferrite measurement Why
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Schaeffer diagram
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4.4.1 Appearance and Finish Verify
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Field hardness check
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4.4.2 NDE Review Verify NDE is perf
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4.4.3 Post-weld Heat Treatment Veri
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PWHT Procedure
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Metal temperature of component meet
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4.5 NON-CONFORMANCES AND DEFECTS At
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4.7 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Inspectors s
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Sevan Driller I
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5 Welding Processes
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Equipments & Piping
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Equipments & Piping
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Equipments & Piping
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Equipments & Piping
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5.2 SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMA
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5.2.2 Advantages of SMAW Some commo
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Shielded metal arc welding
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SMAW
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SMAW- Underwater Welding
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SMAW- Qualification of Underwater W
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SMAW- Structural Welding
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SMAW- Transmission Pipeline Welding
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Weld Profile
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SMAW- Grinding at Start-Stop
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SMAW- Root Pass + Hot Pass
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SMAW- Pipeline Tie-in Joint
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SMAW- WPQ Test Coupon
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SMAW- WPQ Test Coupon
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SMAW- Smiling Experts at Work
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Gas tungsten arc welding
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Gas tungsten arc welding
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GTAW
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5.3.1 Advantages of GTAW Some commo
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GTAW / TIG Weld a. Produces high pu
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GTAW / TIG Weld
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Tungsten Electrodes
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Tungsten Electrodes
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Tungsten- Automation
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Gas metal arc welding GMAW / MIG (m
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GMAW http://www.docslide.com/gmaw-f
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GMAW CV
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5.4.1 Short Circuiting Transfer (GM
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Short Circuit mode http://www.ualbe
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5.4.2 Globular Transfer This proces
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Globular transfer mode http://www.u
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Globular transfer mode http://www.w
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5.4.3 Spray Transfer The spray tran
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5.4.4 Advantages of GMAW Some commo
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Pulsed GMAW - Modified Spray Mode h
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GMAW-MIG CV
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GMAW-MIG CV
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GMAW-MIG CV
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GMAW- Automation
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GMAW- Automation
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GMAW- Stainless Steel Piping
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5.5 FLUX CORED ARC WELDING (FCAW) F
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FCAW CV
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FCAW-Self shield CV
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FCAW
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FCAW
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3G FCAW WPQT
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FCAW http://www.brewerweldingandfab
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5.6 SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW) Sub
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SAW CV
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)
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SAW- Triple Electrodes Set-up (tilt
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SAW - Experts at Work
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Spiral Welded SAW Pipes
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SAW- Vessel Internal Welding
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SAW- Spiral Welded Pipes
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SAW- Serious Experts at Work
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SAW- Vessel Ellipsoidal Disk Head
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SAW- Pipe Can Welding
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SAW- Structural Welding
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5.7.1 Advantages of SW Some commonl
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Stud arc welding (SW)
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Stud arc welding (SW)
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Welding Transfer Modes: SMAW - CC T
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1.0 Considering the benefits of pul
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1.3 The short-circuit process In th
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The short-circuit process is not a
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By using 0.035- and 0.045-in.-dia.
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1.6 Summary Equipment for short-cir
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2.0 Understanding transfer modes fo
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2.1 Short-circuit Transfer In short
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Maintaining a constant contact tip-
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Stainless steel GMAW electrodes nor
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Spray Transfer Mode Shield Gas & Tr
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This transfer mode is used mostly i
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2.4 Pulse-Spray Transfer Mode In th
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3.0 Pulsed GMAW Pulsed GMAW is tech
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CV/CC Current Transfer Modes: Volta
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5. Other Interesting Reading: 5.1 C
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6: Welding Procedure
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WPS/PQR
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6.1 GENERAL Qualified welding proce
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construction codes and proprietary
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WPS 6.2 WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICA
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ASME B31.3, Chapter V Fabrication,
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6.2.1 Types of Essential Variables
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These requirements should be reflec
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Section IX requires that the manufa
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Mechanical Testing
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Mechanical testing- Tensile Testing
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Tensile testing: Stress Strain Diag
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Calculation of Tensile Properties o
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Weld Hardness Test
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Charpy Impact Testing
Page 429 and 430:
Guided Bend Test
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Guided Bend Test
Page 433 and 434:
6.4 REVIEWING A WPS AND PQR Inspect
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For simplicity purposes, the follow
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6.4.1 Items to be Included in the W
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y. Tungsten electrode size and type
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q. Electrical Characteristics. r. T
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WPS for Offshore Spar
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WPS for Offshore Spar
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WPS for Process Piping
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7: Welding Materials
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SAW
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7.2 P-NUMBER ASSIGNMENT TO BASE MET
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7.3 F-NUMBER ASSIGNMENT TO FILLER M
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Keywords: 1. Consideration should b
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F-Numbers
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7.5 A-NUMBER (filler metal) To mini
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7.6 FILLER METAL SELECTION Inspecto
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To reduce exposure to moisture, wel
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Content: 8 WELDER QUALIFICATION 8.1
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8.2 WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATIO
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Welder performance qualification ex
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j. Backing gas used. k. Metal trans
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9: Non-destructive Examination
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Discontinuities
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NDT Capability: Table 4
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NDT Capability: Table 5
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Table 6- Discontinuities Commonly E
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9.2 MATERIALS IDENTIFICATION During
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PMI
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9.3 VISUAL EXAMINATION (VT) 9.3.1 G
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ASME Section V, Article 9, (Paragra
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Vision Test
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Robotic Visual Inspection Crawler
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Remote Control Visual Inspection Cr
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3. Magnifiers- helpful in bringing
Page 507 and 508:
Mirrors
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9.3.2.2 Mechanical Aids a. Steel ru
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Angle Ruler
Page 513 and 514:
Feeler Gauge
Page 515 and 516:
Vernier scale- a precision instrume
Page 517 and 518:
Gap Gauge and Thickness Gauge
Page 519 and 520:
Depth Gauge
Page 521 and 522:
Bridge Cam Gage
Page 523 and 524:
Adjustable fillet weld gauge
Page 525 and 526:
Measures the angle of the vertical
Page 527 and 528:
Weld fillet gauge being used to det
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d. Weld size gauge (see Figure 19)
Page 531 and 532:
Hi-lo welding gauge
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Digital pyrometer
Page 535 and 536:
What The Expert Say: http://youtu.b
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MPI
Page 539 and 540:
The pattern formed by the particles
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MPI
Page 543:
MPI
Page 546 and 547:
Some of the requirements listed in
Page 548 and 549:
Pie gauge
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Pie Gauge
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MT Calibration Shims
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MT-Calibration Shims
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MT- Wet fluorescent magnetic partic
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Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
MT Magnetic Particle Testing
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Jack-up drilling rig
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Drilling Rig in Operations
Page 568 and 569:
MT-Underwater
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Magnetic Particle Testing
Page 572 and 573:
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Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
9.4.3 Demagnetization When the resi
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Demagnetization
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Gauss Meter
Page 584 and 585:
9.5 ALTERNATING CURRENT FIELD MEASU
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ACFM uses a probe similar to an edd
Page 588 and 589:
Two components of the magnetic fiel
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ACFM- Paint Removal is Not Necessar
Page 593 and 594:
Further Reading on ACFM
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The ACFM Technique The ACFM method
Page 597 and 598:
Figure 1 B z B Z
Page 599 and 600:
Specialist Windows software is used
Page 601 and 602:
Once a defect is identified the dep
Page 603 and 604:
ACFM: This benefit is used to good
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ACFM http://www.tscinspectionsyste
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http://www.ndt.net/article/v08n09/w
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9.6 LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION (P
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A limitation of PT is that standard
Page 613 and 614:
Figure 28—Florescent Penetrant Te
Page 615 and 616:
Some requirements listed in this ar
Page 617 and 618:
PT- Color Contrast Method
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
PT- Fluorescent Method
Page 627:
Eddy current uses a magnetic field
Page 639 and 640:
RT principles
Page 641 and 642:
RT profile radiography
Page 643 and 644:
RT- X Ray
Page 645 and 646:
RT-Source http://tv.sohu.com/upload
Page 647 and 648:
RT- Gamma Ray
Page 649 and 650:
RT- Gamma Ray
Page 651 and 652:
X-Ray Machine
Page 653 and 654:
RT- Gamma Ray
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X-Ray Crawler
Page 657 and 658:
Golden Joint
Page 659 and 660:
RT- Techniques
Page 661:
RT- Techniques
Page 664:
RT- Interpretations
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Digital RT
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An NDT examiner interprets and eval
Page 671 and 672:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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IQI- Image Quality Indicators
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IQI- Image Quality Indicators ASTM
Page 678 and 679:
Page 680:
IQI Placement
Page 684 and 685:
IQIs (penetrameters) are tools used
Page 686 and 687:
Hole type IQI
Page 688:
Page 691 and 692:
Hole type IQI
Page 693 and 694:
RT Film coverage & overlaps Locatio
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Keywords: (exam questions) Ir 192 C
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Gamma Ray Radiography: Source
Page 699 and 700:
Gamma Ray Radiography: Source
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Ir191- Ir 192 is typically supplied
Page 703 and 704:
Ir192
Page 705 and 706:
The gamma spectrum is shown in Fig.
Page 707 and 708:
Co 60
Page 709 and 710:
Search dosimeter-radiometer MKS-11
Page 711 and 712:
Film processing
Page 713 and 714:
9.8.6 Surface Preparation Where a s
Page 715:
RT Films
Page 718 and 719:
9.8.8 Radiographic Techniques The m
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Planar defects
Page 722 and 723:
Planar & Volumetric defects
Page 724 and 725:
9.8.8.1 Single-wall Technique A sin
Page 726:
9.8.8.3 Double-wall Technique When
Page 729 and 730:
For double-wall viewing of welds, t
Page 731 and 732:
DWDI-DWV Double wall, double images
Page 733 and 734:
DWDI- Superimposed
Page 735 and 736:
9.8.9.1 Facilities for Viewing Radi
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9.8.9.2 Quality of Radiographs Radi
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Radiographic Density Radiographic d
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Radiographic Density I o I t https:
Page 744 and 745:
Densitometer
Page 746 and 747:
9.8.9.4 Excessive Backscatter A lea
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Because radiographic interpreters h
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i. Film manufacturer and type/desig
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X-Ray
Page 754 and 755:
X-ray
Page 756 and 757:
Figure 34—Interpass Slag Inclusio
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Figure 36—Lack of Side Wall Fusio
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LOF- Lack of Side wall Fusion
Page 762 and 763:
Wagon Track
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 38—Burn-through 1. A sever
Page 766 and 767:
Burn Through
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Burn Through
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Figure 40—Excessive Penetration (
Page 772 and 773:
Weld Joint
Page 774 and 775:
Figure 42—Transverse Crack 1. A f
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Figure 44—Root Pass Aligned Poros
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Gen Article 1 RT Article 2 Nil Arti
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9.9 ULTRASONIC INSPECTION (UT) UT i
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Straight beam techniques are used f
Page 785:
Straight beam UT
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B-Scan
Page 790 and 791:
Figure 47—C-scan
Page 792 and 793:
The A-scan, as shown in Figure 45,
Page 794 and 795:
UT Testing- A-Scan
Page 796 and 797:
Article 4 requires a written proced
Page 798 and 799:
The reference standard (calibration
Page 800 and 801:
Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
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Calibration Blocks
Page 812 and 813:
Calibration Blocks
Page 814 and 815:
Calibration Blocks
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration system checks should be
Page 818 and 819:
System checks are typically perform
Page 820 and 821:
9.9.1.1 Echo Evaluation with DAC Th
Page 822 and 823:
Figure 48—DAC Curve for a Specifi
Page 824:
DAC Plots
Page 827 and 828:
DAC / TCG
Page 831:
DAC Curve with a specific reflector
Page 834 and 835:
Unknown reflectors (flaws) are eval
Page 836 and 837:
UT testing
Page 838 and 839:
Reading Ultrasonic testing and imag
Page 840:
Numbers to remember • Each pass o
Page 843 and 844:
UT Transducers
Page 845 and 846:
UT Transducers
Page 847 and 848:
• 10% scanning overlapped Min of
Page 849:
9.9.4 Straight Beam Examination A s
Page 852 and 853:
Plate lamination checks
Page 854 and 855:
Lamination Checks
Page 856 and 857:
Lamination Checks
Page 858 and 859:
Lamination Checks
Page 860 and 861:
Lamination Checks
Page 862 and 863:
Angle Beam UT http://www.ndt-ed.org
Page 864 and 865:
9.9.5 Angle Beam Examination Typica
Page 866 and 867:
UT Scanning Patterns
Page 868 and 869:
Fillet weld defects
Page 870 and 871:
9.9.7 Discontinuity Evaluation and
Page 872 and 873:
The 6 dB drop technique is commonly
Page 874 and 875:
Other through-thickness sizing tech
Page 876 and 877:
The 6 dB drop technique Material Pr
Page 878 and 879:
Other through-thickness sizing tech
Page 880 and 881:
The ID Creeping wave method
Page 882 and 883:
9.9.7.3 The High Angle Longitudinal
Page 884 and 885:
AUT Vs RT http://www.olympus-ims.co
Page 886 and 887:
AUT Vs RT
Page 888 and 889:
TOFD
Page 890 and 891:
The Tip Diffraction Method http://w
Page 892 and 893:
Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
Page 894 and 895:
9.10 HARDNESS TESTING Hardness test
Page 896 and 897:
API 582- Vickers Hardness Test Prof
Page 898 and 899:
Hardness Testing
Page 900 and 901:
Hardness Testing
Page 902 and 903:
Hardness Testing
Page 904 and 905:
Weld Macro
Page 907 and 908:
Hardness Testing
Page 909 and 910:
Hardness Testing
Page 911 and 912:
Portable Hardness Testing
Page 913 and 914:
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Page 925 and 926:
9.11 PRESSURE AND LEAK TESTING (LT)
Page 927 and 928:
Pressure Testing
Page 929 and 930:
Pressure Testing
Page 931 and 932:
Pressure Testing
Page 933 and 934:
Pressure Testing
Page 935 and 936:
Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
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Pressure Testing
Page 943 and 944:
Pressure Testing- Incidence
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Pressure Testing- Risk
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Page 965 and 966:
Leak testing Leak testing may be re
Page 967 and 968:
A wide variety of fluids and method
Page 969 and 970:
Bubble Leak Test- Vacuum Box
Page 971 and 972:
Leak Testing- Sensitive Leak Test
Page 973 and 974:
9.12.1.2 Inspection Information a.
Page 977 and 978:
10 Metallurgy
Page 979 and 980:
10 Metallurgy 10.1 GENERAL Metallur
Page 981:
Knowledge of cast structures is imp
Page 984 and 985:
Fe-4Mo Phase Diagram
Page 986 and 987:
Phase Diagram http://www.slideshare
Page 988 and 989:
Weld Grains
Page 990 and 991:
HAZ Weld region Fusion Boundary Coa
Page 992 and 993:
http://encyclopedia2.thefreediction
Page 994 and 995:
The properties of the cast structur
Page 996 and 997:
Steel & Alloy- Grains
Page 998 and 999:
http://www.power-eng.com/articles/p
Page 1000 and 1001:
Gases, such as hydrogen, which beco
Page 1002 and 1003:
10.2.2 The Structure of Wrought Mat
Page 1004 and 1005:
Cast VS. Wrought 1. Cast ingot has
Page 1006 and 1007:
Alloys may also consist of more tha
Page 1010 and 1011:
Steel & Alloy- Annealed Pearlite
Page 1012 and 1013:
Hypoeutectic Steel
Page 1014 and 1015:
1055 Steel Q&T 1055, used in swords
Page 1016 and 1017:
4140 Steel Annealed Ferrite Pearlit
Page 1018 and 1019:
10.2.3 Welding Metallurgy Welding m
Page 1020 and 1021:
SAW Welding
Page 1022 and 1023:
Dendritic- usually solidify in the
Page 1024 and 1025:
INCONEL alloy 690 is a high-chromiu
Page 1026 and 1027:
Overlay Welding
Page 1028 and 1029:
Each weld pass applied will have it
Page 1030 and 1031:
Overlay Welding
Page 1032 and 1033:
Weld Macro- Fillet Welds
Page 1034 and 1035:
An important aspect of welding meta
Page 1036 and 1037:
10.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The physic
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Alloyed metals start to melt at a t
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Solidus/Liquidus
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10.3.2 Thermal Conductivity The the
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The thermal conductivity of a mater
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10.3.4 Coefficient of Thermal Expan
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10.3.5 Density The density of a mat
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Casting Defects
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10.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The mech
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Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
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Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
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Charpy impact testing
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Hardness testing- Sample polishing
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Hardness testing
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Hardness testing
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Ductility
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Ductility- Bend Tests
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When the specimen is subjected to s
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Tensile Testing
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Tensile Testing Yield point Sample
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http://practicalmaintenance.net/?p=
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10.4.2 Ductility In tensile testing
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The tensile specimen is punch marke
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One of the most common tests used i
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Bend Test Jig
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ASTM E290- Guided bend testing
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Bend Testing
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10.4.3 Hardness The hardness of a m
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Knoop and Vickers Hardness Tester .
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One Brinell test consists of applyi
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The Rockwell test is simple and rap
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The Vickers hardness value is prece
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10.4.4 Toughness The toughness is t
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Further Reading
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Online Metallurgy Course http://hyp
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Online Metallurgy Information http:
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Online Metallurgy Course http://fre
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Further Reading: http://practicalma
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Introduction The component elements
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Phase Diagram
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Austenite Austenite (γ), is a soli
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Shows the grain structure of an aus
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This secondary electron SEM image s
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Low carbon steel with a microstruct
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Figure 1. Part of the equilibrium d
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Martensite Martensite is commonly f
Page 1143 and 1144:
Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
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The strain energy involved in the m
Page 1147 and 1148:
Figure 1. Part of the equilibrium d
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Bainite https://www.flickr.com/phot
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Proof Stress Re0.2% Since it is dif
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STEEL Steel is an alloy of iron, wi
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Aluminum Cables
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10.5 PREHEATING
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Preheating
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Preheating
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• Bring temperature up to preheat
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Preheat can be applied using severa
Page 1167 and 1168:
The temperature of PWHT is selected
Page 1169 and 1170:
Discussion: However there may also
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Typical PWHT Chart Insertion temper
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PWHT Chart
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT
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PWHT- Local
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PWHT- Local
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PWHT- Local
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PWHT- Local
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PWHT- Equipments
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PWHT- Equipments
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PWHT- Equipments
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PWHT- Equipments
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Fun-Photo: Induction Bending Pipe b
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Fun-Photo: Induction Bending Pipe b
Page 1207 and 1208:
Other factors can also affect harde
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http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?Ar
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Welding variables, such as heat inp
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Welding- Plate thickness & Weld Geo
Page 1216 and 1217:
Weld Macro- Geometry
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The simplest means to determine har
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Jominy Bar
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Jominy Bar
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It may be important for the welding
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Typical Hardness Values Table 11—
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HIC
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HIC- Hydrogen Induced Cracking
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TTT Curve
Page 1238 and 1239:
Martensite
Page 1240 and 1241:
10.8 MATERIAL TEST REPORTS Material
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Product analysis- Pipe
Page 1256 and 1257:
For the purposes of this publicatio
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Ductile to brittle transition tempe
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Fracture toughness
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Page 1264 and 1265:
Elevated mechanical property testin
Page 1266 and 1267:
Further Reading
Page 1268 and 1269:
Quiz 1) See the figure below for po
Page 1270 and 1271:
c) 50% coarse pearlite + 25% bainit
Page 1272 and 1273:
10.9 WELDABILITY OF STEELS
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Weldability is related to many fact
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The addition of carbon generally ma
Page 1278 and 1279:
Typically, ■ ■ ■ Steels with
Page 1280 and 1281:
The simplest weldability tests are
Page 1282 and 1283:
Weldability Test- Cruciform testing
Page 1284 and 1285:
Another approach to measuring susce
Page 1286 and 1287:
10.10 WELDABILITY OF HIGH-ALLOYS Th
Page 1288 and 1289:
Hot Shortness: • solidification c
Page 1290 and 1291:
Ferrite Meter
Page 1293 and 1294:
Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expa
Page 1295 and 1296:
Sensitized Austenitic SS Common to
Page 1297 and 1298:
Weld Decay http://www.corrosionclin
Page 1299 and 1300:
Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
Page 1305:
Inert Backing Gas http://www.foodpr
Page 1308 and 1309:
Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas http://www.juncti
Page 1312 and 1313:
Inert Backing Gas
Page 1314 and 1315:
Inert Backing Gas
Page 1316 and 1317:
One of the main differences between
Page 1318 and 1319:
Sluggish tendency- LOF
Page 1320 and 1321:
Wider Bevel Angle & Thinner Root Fa
Page 1322 and 1323:
Nickel Welding: The faster a nickel
Page 1324 and 1325:
Content: 11 REFINERY AND PETROCHEMI
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11.2 HOT TAPPING AND IN-SERVICE WEL
Page 1328 and 1329:
Hot Tapping
Page 1330 and 1331:
Hot Tapping
Page 1332 and 1333:
Hot Tapping
Page 1334 and 1335:
Hot Tapping
Page 1336 and 1337:
Hot Tapping
Page 1338 and 1339:
Burn Through
Page 1340 and 1341:
11.2.1 Electrode Considerations Hot
Page 1342 and 1343:
Cellulosic type electrodes (e.g., E
Page 1344 and 1345:
If the normal flow of liquids excee
Page 1346 and 1347:
Points to consider: Is it 36” or
Page 1348 and 1349:
Case Study: 1. Is it 36” or great
Page 1350 and 1351:
Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
Page 1352 and 1353:
Page 1354 and 1355:
Page 1356 and 1357:
Page 1358 and 1359:
11.2.3 Other Considerations To avoi
Page 1361 and 1362:
11.2.4 Inspection Inspection tasks
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GMAW-S LOF
Page 1365 and 1366:
Due to this inherent nature of the
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The quick freeze characteristic, wh
Page 1369 and 1370:
Hazards
Page 1371 and 1372:
Mechanical Integrity
Page 1373 and 1374:
Happy Inspectors
Page 1375:
ICP Status http://myicp.api.org/Dir
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Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API ICP Self Study Notes

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